From 94d029a6312e9ef0c9bd38f282dfb3735ba0c2a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Relism <itzdrekkopvp@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 15 Mar 2026 17:14:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] optimized dynamic body size impl, decluttering
 javadocs/comments

---
 .idea/workspace.xml                           | 179 +++++++-----------
 flash-bench/pom.xml                           |   3 +-
 .../src/main/java/dev/relism/bench/Main.java  |  24 ---
 .../src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServer.java  | 113 +++--------
 .../dev/relism/HttpServerConfiguration.java   |   2 +
 .../main/java/dev/relism/RequestParser.java   |  40 ++--
 .../java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMap.java     |  24 ++-
 .../main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java |  12 +-
 .../java/dev/relism/models/PathParams.java    |   9 +-
 .../java/dev/relism/models/QueryParams.java   |  16 +-
 .../main/java/dev/relism/models/Request.java  |  18 +-
 .../dev/relism/routing/AbstractRouter.java    |  48 +----
 .../java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouter.java |  13 +-
 .../fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImpl.java    |  29 +--
 .../routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathViews.java |  26 +--
 .../test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerTest.java  |  30 ++-
 .../java/dev/relism/RequestParserTest.java    |  19 +-
 17 files changed, 196 insertions(+), 409 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 flash-bench/src/main/java/dev/relism/bench/Main.java

diff --git a/.idea/workspace.xml b/.idea/workspace.xml
index 7c45b8d..e5ebdc6 100644
--- a/.idea/workspace.xml
+++ b/.idea/workspace.xml
@@ -4,70 +4,24 @@
     <option name="autoReloadType" value="SELECTIVE" />
   </component>
   <component name="ChangeListManager">
-    <list default="true" id="fc757130-fe3e-4ea9-8d69-c26ffb8545a4" name="Changes" comment="pre-module refactor">
-      <change afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/.idea/workspace.xml" afterDir="false" />
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-      <change afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash-bench/pom.xml" afterDir="false" />
-      <change afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash-bench/src/main/java/dev/relism/bench/Main.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash-bench/src/main/resources/simplelogger.properties" afterDir="false" />
-      <change afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/pom.xml" afterDir="false" />
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-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServer.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServer.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConfiguration.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConfiguration.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/main/java/dev/relism/Main.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/Main.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/main/java/dev/relism/RequestParser.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/RequestParser.java" afterDir="false" />
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-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/main/java/dev/relism/http/HttpStatus.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/http/HttpStatus.java" afterDir="false" />
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-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/PathParams.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/PathParams.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/QueryParams.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/QueryParams.java" afterDir="false" />
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-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/RequestLine.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/RequestLine.java" afterDir="false" />
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-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouter.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouter.java" afterDir="false" />
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-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/test/java/dev/relism/RequestParserTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/RequestParserTest.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/test/java/dev/relism/http/ContentTypeTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/http/ContentTypeTest.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/test/java/dev/relism/http/HttpMethodTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/http/HttpMethodTest.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/test/java/dev/relism/http/HttpStatusTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/http/HttpStatusTest.java" afterDir="false" />
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-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/PathParamsTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/PathParamsTest.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/QueryParamsTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/QueryParamsTest.java" afterDir="false" />
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-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/RequestTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/RequestTest.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/ResponseTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/ResponseTest.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/SimpleHandlerTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/SimpleHandlerTest.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/AbstractRouterTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/AbstractRouterTest.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouterTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouterTest.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/PathUtilsTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/PathUtilsTest.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImplTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImplTest.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathViewsTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathViewsTest.java" afterDir="false" />
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-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/src/test/java/dev/relism/template/ErrorPagesTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/template/ErrorPagesTest.java" afterDir="false" />
+    <list default="true" id="fc757130-fe3e-4ea9-8d69-c26ffb8545a4" name="Changes" comment="refactored, pre-buffer reuse">
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/.idea/workspace.xml" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/.idea/workspace.xml" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash-bench/pom.xml" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash-bench/pom.xml" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash-bench/src/main/java/dev/relism/bench/Main.java" beforeDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServer.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServer.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConfiguration.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConfiguration.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/RequestParser.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/RequestParser.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMap.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMap.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/PathParams.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/PathParams.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/QueryParams.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/QueryParams.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Request.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Request.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/AbstractRouter.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/AbstractRouter.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouter.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouter.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImpl.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImpl.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathViews.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathViews.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerTest.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/RequestParserTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/RequestParserTest.java" afterDir="false" />
     </list>
     <option name="SHOW_DIALOG" value="false" />
     <option name="HIGHLIGHT_CONFLICTS" value="true" />
@@ -119,55 +73,59 @@
     <option name="hideEmptyMiddlePackages" value="true" />
     <option name="showLibraryContents" value="true" />
   </component>
-  <component name="PropertiesComponent">{
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-    &quot;Application.Main.executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
-    &quot;Application.dev.relism.bench.Main.executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
-    &quot;JUnit.RequestParserTest.executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
-    &quot;JUnit.RequestParserTest.headers_caseInsensitive.executor&quot;: &quot;Debug&quot;,
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-    &quot;Maven.flash [compile].executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
-    &quot;Maven.flash [install].executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
-    &quot;Maven.flash-bench [clean].executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
-    &quot;Maven.flash-bench [install].executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
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-    &quot;RunOnceActivity.git.unshallow&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
-    &quot;RunOnceActivity.typescript.service.memoryLimit.init&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
-    &quot;SHARE_PROJECT_CONFIGURATION_FILES&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
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-    &quot;ignore.virus.scanning.warn.message&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
-    &quot;kotlin-language-version-configured&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
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-    &quot;node.js.detected.package.tslint&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
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-    &quot;node.js.selected.package.tslint&quot;: &quot;(autodetect)&quot;,
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-    &quot;onboarding.tips.debug.path&quot;: &quot;C:/Users/elorc/Documents/Coding/Java/practice/FlashPractice/flash-bench/src/main/java/dev/relism/Main.java&quot;,
-    &quot;project.structure.last.edited&quot;: &quot;Modules&quot;,
-    &quot;project.structure.proportion&quot;: &quot;0.15&quot;,
-    &quot;project.structure.side.proportion&quot;: &quot;0.1150748&quot;,
-    &quot;settings.editor.selected.configurable&quot;: &quot;ml.llm.LLMThirdPartyAiProvidersConfigurable&quot;,
-    &quot;vue.rearranger.settings.migration&quot;: &quot;true&quot;
+  <component name="PropertiesComponent"><![CDATA[{
+  "keyToString": {
+    "Application.ExternalBenchmark.executor": "Run",
+    "Application.Main.executor": "Run",
+    "Application.dev.relism.bench.Main.executor": "Run",
+    "JUnit.RequestParserTest.executor": "Run",
+    "JUnit.RequestParserTest.headers_caseInsensitive.executor": "Debug",
+    "Maven.FlashPractice [test].executor": "Run",
+    "Maven.flash [compile].executor": "Run",
+    "Maven.flash [install].executor": "Run",
+    "Maven.flash [test].executor": "Run",
+    "Maven.flash-bench [clean].executor": "Run",
+    "Maven.flash-bench [install].executor": "Run",
+    "Maven.flash-bench [validate].executor": "Run",
+    "ModuleVcsDetector.initialDetectionPerformed": "true",
+    "RunOnceActivity.MCP Project settings loaded": "true",
+    "RunOnceActivity.ShowReadmeOnStart": "true",
+    "RunOnceActivity.TerminalTabsStorage.copyFrom.TerminalArrangementManager.252": "true",
+    "RunOnceActivity.git.unshallow": "true",
+    "RunOnceActivity.typescript.service.memoryLimit.init": "true",
+    "SHARE_PROJECT_CONFIGURATION_FILES": "true",
+    "git-widget-placeholder": "master",
+    "ignore.virus.scanning.warn.message": "true",
+    "kotlin-language-version-configured": "true",
+    "last_opened_file_path": "C:/Users/elorc/Documents/Coding/Java/practice/Flash",
+    "node.js.detected.package.eslint": "true",
+    "node.js.detected.package.tslint": "true",
+    "node.js.selected.package.eslint": "(autodetect)",
+    "node.js.selected.package.tslint": "(autodetect)",
+    "nodejs_package_manager_path": "npm",
+    "onboarding.tips.debug.path": "C:/Users/elorc/Documents/Coding/Java/practice/FlashPractice/flash-bench/src/main/java/dev/relism/Main.java",
+    "project.structure.last.edited": "Modules",
+    "project.structure.proportion": "0.15",
+    "project.structure.side.proportion": "0.1150748",
+    "settings.editor.selected.configurable": "ml.llm.LLMThirdPartyAiProvidersConfigurable",
+    "vue.rearranger.settings.migration": "true"
   }
-}</component>
+}]]></component>
   <component name="RecentsManager">
     <key name="MoveFile.RECENT_KEYS">
       <recent name="C:\Users\elorc\Documents\Coding\Java\practice\Flash" />
     </key>
+    <key name="MoveClassesOrPackagesDialog.RECENTS_KEY">
+      <recent name="dev.relism" />
+    </key>
   </component>
   <component name="RunManager" selected="Application.ExternalBenchmark">
     <configuration name="ExternalBenchmark" type="Application" factoryName="Application" temporary="true" nameIsGenerated="true">
-      <option name="MAIN_CLASS_NAME" value="dev.relism.bench.ExternalBenchmark" />
+      <option name="MAIN_CLASS_NAME" value="dev.relism.ExternalBenchmark" />
       <module name="flash-bench" />
       <extension name="coverage">
         <pattern>
-          <option name="PATTERN" value="dev.relism.bench.*" />
+          <option name="PATTERN" value="dev.relism.*" />
           <option name="ENABLED" value="true" />
         </pattern>
       </extension>
@@ -193,7 +151,7 @@
       <module name="flash-bench" />
       <extension name="coverage">
         <pattern>
-          <option name="PATTERN" value="dev.relism.bench.*" />
+          <option name="PATTERN" value="dev.relism.*" />
           <option name="ENABLED" value="true" />
         </pattern>
       </extension>
@@ -235,7 +193,7 @@
       <workItem from="1773536904928" duration="395000" />
       <workItem from="1773537302622" duration="150000" />
       <workItem from="1773537489622" duration="5048000" />
-      <workItem from="1773576241900" duration="5173000" />
+      <workItem from="1773576241900" duration="14674000" />
     </task>
     <task id="LOCAL-00001" summary="Initial">
       <option name="closed" value="true" />
@@ -253,7 +211,15 @@
       <option name="project" value="LOCAL" />
       <updated>1773536678416</updated>
     </task>
-    <option name="localTasksCounter" value="3" />
+    <task id="LOCAL-00003" summary="refactored, pre-buffer reuse">
+      <option name="closed" value="true" />
+      <created>1773581516834</created>
+      <option name="number" value="00003" />
+      <option name="presentableId" value="LOCAL-00003" />
+      <option name="project" value="LOCAL" />
+      <updated>1773581516834</updated>
+    </task>
+    <option name="localTasksCounter" value="4" />
     <servers />
   </component>
   <component name="TypeScriptGeneratedFilesManager">
@@ -273,7 +239,8 @@
   <component name="VcsManagerConfiguration">
     <MESSAGE value="Initial" />
     <MESSAGE value="pre-module refactor" />
-    <option name="LAST_COMMIT_MESSAGE" value="pre-module refactor" />
+    <MESSAGE value="refactored, pre-buffer reuse" />
+    <option name="LAST_COMMIT_MESSAGE" value="refactored, pre-buffer reuse" />
   </component>
   <component name="XSLT-Support.FileAssociations.UIState">
     <expand />
diff --git a/flash-bench/pom.xml b/flash-bench/pom.xml
index 82a84d9..b86f87f 100644
--- a/flash-bench/pom.xml
+++ b/flash-bench/pom.xml
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
                     </annotationProcessorPaths>
                 </configuration>
             </plugin>
+            <!--
             <plugin>
                 <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                 <artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId>
@@ -82,13 +83,13 @@
                                 <transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer">
                                     <mainClass>dev.relism.bench.Main</mainClass>
                                 </transformer>
-                                <!-- Required by JMH to merge service-loader files -->
                                 <transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ServicesResourceTransformer"/>
                             </transformers>
                         </configuration>
                     </execution>
                 </executions>
             </plugin>
+            -->
         </plugins>
     </build>
 
diff --git a/flash-bench/src/main/java/dev/relism/bench/Main.java b/flash-bench/src/main/java/dev/relism/bench/Main.java
deleted file mode 100644
index ef47e9b..0000000
--- a/flash-bench/src/main/java/dev/relism/bench/Main.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-package dev.relism.bench;
-
-import org.openjdk.jmh.results.format.ResultFormatType;
-import org.openjdk.jmh.runner.Runner;
-import org.openjdk.jmh.runner.options.Options;
-import org.openjdk.jmh.runner.options.OptionsBuilder;
-
-public class Main {
-
-    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
-        if (args.length > 0 && args[0].equalsIgnoreCase("external")) {
-            ExternalBenchmark.main(args);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        System.out.println("Starting JMH Benchmarks... (Pass 'external' as arg to start standalone server)");
-        Options opts = new OptionsBuilder()
-                .include(FlashBenchmark.class.getSimpleName())
-                .resultFormat(ResultFormatType.TEXT)
-                .build();
-
-        new Runner(opts).run();
-    }
-}
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServer.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServer.java
index cc6cd61..ec89db9 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServer.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServer.java
@@ -13,32 +13,17 @@ import java.io.*;
 import java.net.ServerSocket;
 import java.net.Socket;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 /**
- * Entry point for the Flash HTTP server.
- *
- * <p>
- * Internally, the server owns a {@link GlobalRouter} with two tiers of routing:
- * <ol>
- * <li><b>Mounted sub-routers</b> — registered via {@link #mount}. Each owns a
- * namespace
- * prefix (e.g. {@code /api}) and handles all paths under it. Matched by longest
- * prefix first.</li>
- * <li><b>Internal router</b> — the fallback used when no sub-router claims the
- * path.
- * Routes registered directly on the server ({@link #get}, {@link #post}, etc.)
- * go here.</li>
- * </ol>
- *
- * <p>
- * Error handlers ({@link #onNotFound}, {@link #onException}) registered on the
- * server
- * apply only to the internal router. Each mounted sub-router has its own
- * independent handlers.
+ * Flash HTTP server. Owns a {@link GlobalRouter} with two routing tiers:
+ * mounted sub-routers (matched by longest namespace prefix) and an internal
+ * router as fallback. Error handlers are scoped to their respective router.
  */
 @Slf4j
 public class HttpServer {
@@ -46,6 +31,7 @@ public class HttpServer {
     private final ServerSocket serverSocket;
     private final GlobalRouter globalRouter = new GlobalRouter();
     private final ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor();
+    private final Set<Socket> activeSockets = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet();
     private volatile boolean stopped = false;
     private final CompletableFuture<Void> readyFuture = new CompletableFuture<>();
 
@@ -69,11 +55,7 @@ public class HttpServer {
         this.serverSocket = new ServerSocket(configuration.getPort());
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Starts the server on a new non-daemon virtual thread and returns a future
-     * that completes
-     * when the accept loop is running and the server is ready to serve requests.
-     */
+    /** Returns a future that completes once the accept loop is running and the server is ready. */
     public CompletableFuture<Void> start() {
         Thread.ofPlatform().name("flash-accept-loop").daemon(false).start(this::run);
         return readyFuture;
@@ -94,10 +76,7 @@ public class HttpServer {
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Stops the server and waits for in-flight requests to complete.
-     * The returned future is already completed when this method returns.
-     */
+    /** Closes all active connections and shuts down the executor. Returns when complete. */
     public CompletableFuture<Void> stop() {
         stopped = true;
         try {
@@ -105,6 +84,7 @@ public class HttpServer {
         } catch (IOException e) {
             log.error("Error closing server socket", e);
         }
+        activeSockets.forEach(s -> { try { s.close(); } catch (IOException ignored) {} });
         executorService.shutdown();
         try {
             if (!executorService.awaitTermination(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS))
@@ -116,104 +96,66 @@ public class HttpServer {
         return CompletableFuture.completedFuture(null);
     }
 
-    // --- Routing ---
-
     /**
-     * Mounts a sub-router under the given namespace prefix.
+     * Mounts a sub-router under {@code namespace}. Requests whose path starts with the
+     * namespace are dispatched to {@code router}; longest prefix wins.
      *
-     * <p>
-     * Any request whose path starts with {@code namespace} will be dispatched to
-     * {@code router}
-     * instead of the internal router. When multiple namespaces match, the longest
-     * prefix wins.
-     * The router's own {@code onNotFound} and {@code onException} handlers are used
-     * for its paths —
-     * the server-level handlers do not apply.
-     *
-     * @throws dev.relism.exceptions.DuplicateNamespaceException if
-     *                                                           {@code namespace}
-     *                                                           is already mounted
+     * @throws dev.relism.exceptions.DuplicateNamespaceException if {@code namespace} is already mounted
      */
     public HttpServer mount(String namespace, AbstractRouter router) {
         globalRouter.mount(namespace, router);
         return this;
     }
 
-    // --- Global error handlers ---
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the 404 handler for routes registered directly on this server.
-     * Does not affect mounted sub-routers, which each carry their own not-found
-     * handler.
-     */
     public HttpServer onNotFound(SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler handler) {
         globalRouter.onNotFound(handler);
         return this;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Sets the exception handler for routes registered directly on this server.
-     * Does not affect mounted sub-routers, which each carry their own exception
-     * handler.
-     */
     public HttpServer onException(AbstractRouter.ExceptionHandler handler) {
         globalRouter.onException(handler);
         return this;
     }
 
-    // --- DSL ---
-
-    /**
-     * Registers an annotation-based handler on the internal router.
-     * The handler's class must carry a {@link dev.relism.routing.Route @Route}
-     * annotation
-     * declaring the HTTP method and path. To register on a specific sub-router,
-     * call
-     * {@link AbstractRouter#register} on that router directly.
-     */
     public HttpServer register(RequestHandler handler) {
         globalRouter.register(handler);
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Registers a route on the internal router (not on any mounted sub-router).
-     * The handler's return value is used as the response body; returning a
-     * {@link dev.relism.models.Response}
-     * instance replaces the entire response object.
+     * Registers a route on the internal router. The handler return value drives the response:
+     * return a {@link dev.relism.models.Response} to replace it entirely, any other non-null
+     * value to set it as the body, or {@code null} to leave the response object unchanged.
      */
     public HttpServer get(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h) {
         globalRouter.get(path, h);
         return this;
     }
 
-    /** @see #get(String, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler) */
     public HttpServer post(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h) {
         globalRouter.post(path, h);
         return this;
     }
 
-    /** @see #get(String, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler) */
     public HttpServer put(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h) {
         globalRouter.put(path, h);
         return this;
     }
 
-    /** @see #get(String, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler) */
     public HttpServer delete(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h) {
         globalRouter.delete(path, h);
         return this;
     }
 
-    // --- Request processing ---
-
     private void process(Socket socket) {
+        activeSockets.add(socket);
         executorService.submit(() -> {
             try (socket;
                     InputStream in = socket.getInputStream();
                     OutputStream out = new BufferedOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream())) {
+                RequestParser parser = new RequestParser(configuration.getMaxHeaderBufferSize());
                 while (!stopped) {
-                    Request request = RequestParser.parse(in);
+                    Request request = parser.parse(in);
                     if (request == null)
                         break;
 
@@ -236,7 +178,6 @@ public class HttpServer {
                             response.setBody(result);
                     }
 
-                    // Drain any unread body bytes so the stream is positioned at the next request.
                     request.getBody();
 
                     out.write(HTTP_1_1);
@@ -260,24 +201,18 @@ public class HttpServer {
             } catch (IOException e) {
                 if (!stopped)
                     log.error("I/O error handling request", e);
+            } finally {
+                activeSockets.remove(socket);
             }
         });
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Returns true if the connection should be kept alive after this request.
-     * HTTP/1.1 default: keep-alive. HTTP/1.0 default: close.
-     * Explicit {@code Connection} header overrides the default.
-     */
     private static boolean isKeepAlive(Request request) {
-        String connection = request.getHeader("Connection");
-        if (connection != null) {
-            return !"close".equalsIgnoreCase(connection);
-        }
-        // Detect HTTP version from last byte of protocol field: "HTTP/1.1" → '1',
-        // "HTTP/1.0" → '0'
+        if (request.headerEquals("Connection", "close")) return false;
+        // Detect HTTP version from last byte of protocol field: "HTTP/1.1" → '1', "HTTP/1.0" → '0'
         ByteView protocol = request.getRequestLine().getProtocol();
-        return protocol.length() == 8 && protocol.byteAt(7) == '1';
+        return protocol.length() == 8 && protocol.byteAt(7) == '1'
+                || request.headerEquals("Connection", "keep-alive");
     }
 
     private static void writeStatusPhrase(OutputStream out, int statusCode) throws IOException {
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConfiguration.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConfiguration.java
index 3a2d9f8..c229202 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConfiguration.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConfiguration.java
@@ -8,4 +8,6 @@ import lombok.Data;
 public class HttpServerConfiguration {
     private int port;
     private String host;
+    @Builder.Default
+    private int maxHeaderBufferSize = 64 * 1024;
 }
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/RequestParser.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/RequestParser.java
index 6ff4eb8..828a5f8 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/RequestParser.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/RequestParser.java
@@ -10,25 +10,35 @@ import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.Arrays;
 
 /**
- * Extreme Zero-Allocation Request Parser.
- * Scans raw bytes to identify paths, protocols, and headers without intermediate String objects.
- * Uses buffered reading and direct byte comparisons for maximum performance.
+ * One instance per connection — the buffer is allocated once and reused across keep-alive
+ * requests. Grows on demand (doubling, up to {@code maxHeaderBufferSize}). Zero String
+ * allocations during parsing; paths, headers and protocol are exposed as {@link dev.relism.fpr.core.ByteView} slices.
  */
 @Slf4j
 public class RequestParser {
-    private static final int MAX_HEADER_SIZE = 8192;
+    private static final int INITIAL_BUFFER_SIZE = 8192;
 
-    public static Request parse(InputStream in) throws IOException {
-        byte[] buffer = new byte[MAX_HEADER_SIZE];
+    private final int maxHeaderBufferSize;
+    private byte[] buffer;
 
-        // 1. Robust read loop — accumulate until \r\n\r\n found or buffer full.
-        // prevTotal tracked per iteration so findEndOfHeader starts from max(0, prevTotal-3),
-        // skipping already-scanned bytes. The -3 overlap catches \r\n\r\n split across two reads.
+    public RequestParser() { this(64 * 1024); }
+    public RequestParser(int maxHeaderBufferSize) {
+        this.maxHeaderBufferSize = maxHeaderBufferSize;
+        this.buffer = new byte[Math.min(INITIAL_BUFFER_SIZE, maxHeaderBufferSize)];
+    }
+
+    public Request parse(InputStream in) throws IOException {
         int totalRead = 0;
         int headerEndIdx = -1;
-        while (totalRead < buffer.length) {
+        while (true) {
+            if (totalRead == buffer.length) {
+                if (buffer.length >= maxHeaderBufferSize)
+                    throw new IOException("Request headers exceed " + maxHeaderBufferSize + " bytes");
+                buffer = Arrays.copyOf(buffer, Math.min(buffer.length * 2, maxHeaderBufferSize));
+            }
             int n = in.read(buffer, totalRead, buffer.length - totalRead);
             if (n <= 0) break;
             int prevTotal = totalRead;
@@ -38,10 +48,9 @@ public class RequestParser {
         }
         if (totalRead <= 0) return null;
         if (headerEndIdx == -1) {
-            throw new IOException("Headers too large: buffer exhausted without finding \\r\\n\\r\\n");
+            throw new IOException("Request headers exceed " + maxHeaderBufferSize + " bytes");
         }
 
-        // 2. Scan Request Line: METHOD PATH PROTOCOL
         int methodEnd = find(buffer, 0, headerEndIdx, (byte) ' ');
         if (methodEnd == -1) throw new IOException("Invalid request line (method)");
 
@@ -52,7 +61,6 @@ public class RequestParser {
         int pathEnd   = find(buffer, pathStart, headerEndIdx, (byte) ' ');
         if (pathEnd == -1) throw new IOException("Invalid request line (path)");
 
-        // Split path from query string at '?' — FPR only sees the clean path
         int queryMark = find(buffer, pathStart, pathEnd, (byte) '?');
         FastPathViews.RequestByteView pathView  = new FastPathViews.RequestByteView(buffer, pathStart,
                 queryMark != -1 ? queryMark - pathStart : pathEnd - pathStart);
@@ -66,7 +74,6 @@ public class RequestParser {
 
         FastPathViews.RequestByteView protocolView = new FastPathViews.RequestByteView(buffer, protocolStart, protocolEnd - protocolStart);
 
-        // 3. Scan Headers — store raw offsets into buffer, zero objects allocated per header
         HeaderMap headerMap = new HeaderMap(buffer);
         int current = find(buffer, protocolEnd, headerEndIdx, (byte) '\n') + 1;
         int contentLength = 0;
@@ -82,16 +89,13 @@ public class RequestParser {
 
                 headerMap.add(current, colon - current, valueStart, lineEnd - valueStart);
 
-                // Direct byte comparison to extract Content-Length without String allocation
                 if (equalsIgnoreCase(buffer, current, colon, "content-length")) {
                     contentLength = parseInt(buffer, valueStart, lineEnd);
                 }
             }
-            current = lineEnd + 2; // skip \r\n
+            current = lineEnd + 2;
         }
 
-        // Body is read lazily — only materialized if the handler calls req.getBody().
-        // Bytes already in the buffer past \r\n\r\n are handed off to LazyBody as read-ahead.
         int bodyStart = headerEndIdx + 4;
         int preBufLen = totalRead - bodyStart;
         return Request.forParsed(
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMap.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMap.java
index 7454401..24690bb 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMap.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMap.java
@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ import java.util.List;
 
 /**
  * Zero-allocation header storage backed by raw byte offsets into the shared request buffer.
- * At parse time, only int offsets are recorded — zero objects allocated per header.
- * String conversion is lazy: happens only when getFirst() or getAll() are called.
+ * Offsets are recorded at parse time; Strings are allocated only on {@link #getFirst} / {@link #getAll}.
  */
 public class HeaderMap {
     private static final int MAX_HEADERS = 32;
@@ -23,7 +22,6 @@ public class HeaderMap {
         this.buffer = buffer;
     }
 
-    /** Called at parse time. Stores raw offsets — zero allocations. */
     public void add(int keyStart, int keyLen, int valStart, int valLen) {
         if (count >= MAX_HEADERS) throw new IllegalStateException("Too many headers: limit is " + MAX_HEADERS);
         keys[count * 2]     = keyStart;
@@ -33,14 +31,12 @@ public class HeaderMap {
         count++;
     }
 
-    /** Lazy: decodes and returns the first matching value as a String. */
     public String getFirst(String name) {
         int idx = indexOf(name);
         if (idx < 0) return null;
         return new String(buffer, values[idx * 2], values[idx * 2 + 1], StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
     }
 
-    /** Lazy: decodes and returns all matching values as a List<String>. */
     public List<String> getAll(String name) {
         List<String> result = null;
         for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
@@ -52,7 +48,6 @@ public class HeaderMap {
         return result != null ? result : List.of();
     }
 
-    /** Lazy: decodes and returns all values as a List<String>. */
     public List<String> getAll() {
         List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
         for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
@@ -61,7 +56,21 @@ public class HeaderMap {
         return result;
     }
 
-    /** Zero-copy: returns a ByteView over the raw value bytes without allocating a String. */
+    public boolean headerValueEqualsIgnoreCase(String name, String value) {
+        int idx = indexOf(name);
+        if (idx < 0) return false;
+        int vs = values[idx * 2], vl = values[idx * 2 + 1];
+        if (vl != value.length()) return false;
+        for (int i = 0; i < vl; i++) {
+            byte b = buffer[vs + i];
+            if (b >= 'A' && b <= 'Z') b += 32;
+            char c = value.charAt(i);
+            if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') c += 32;
+            if (b != (byte) c) return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
     public ByteView getView(String name) {
         int idx = indexOf(name);
         if (idx < 0) return null;
@@ -80,7 +89,6 @@ public class HeaderMap {
         return -1;
     }
 
-    /** Case-insensitive comparison between a buffer slice and a String. Zero allocations. */
     private boolean keyMatches(int i, String name) {
         int ks = keys[i * 2], kl = keys[i * 2 + 1];
         if (kl != name.length()) return false;
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java
index 8b418e5..31f1dc0 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java
@@ -5,14 +5,8 @@ import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
 
 /**
- * Deferred request body reader.
- *
- * <p>On the first call to {@link #get()}, the body is materialized: any bytes already
- * buffered from the 8 KB header read-ahead are copied first, then the remainder is pulled
- * from the socket stream. The result is cached so subsequent calls are free.
- *
- * <p>When {@code contentLength} is zero the instance is pre-resolved to an empty array
- * and no stream access ever occurs.
+ * Deferred body reader. On the first {@link #get()} call, pre-buffered bytes from the header
+ * read-ahead are used first, then the remainder is pulled from the socket stream. Result is cached.
  */
 final class LazyBody {
     private static final byte[] EMPTY = new byte[0];
@@ -32,14 +26,12 @@ final class LazyBody {
         this.preBufLen     = preBufLen;
     }
 
-    /** Returns a pre-resolved {@code LazyBody} backed by an already-materialized byte array. */
     static LazyBody of(byte[] bytes) {
         LazyBody lb = new LazyBody(null, bytes.length, null, 0, 0);
         lb.resolved = bytes;
         return lb;
     }
 
-    /** Returns a pre-resolved empty {@code LazyBody}. */
     static LazyBody empty() {
         LazyBody lb = new LazyBody(null, 0, null, 0, 0);
         lb.resolved = EMPTY;
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/PathParams.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/PathParams.java
index 367072c..24e9b68 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/PathParams.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/PathParams.java
@@ -5,11 +5,8 @@ import dev.relism.fpr.core.ByteView;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 
 /**
- * Path parameters captured during routing.
- *
- * <p>Values are stored as byte offsets into the original path view. String conversion
- * is lazy and happens only on {@link #get}; {@link #view} is zero-copy.
- * Lookup is a linear scan — param counts are always small (typically 1–3).
+ * Path parameters captured during routing, stored as byte offsets into the path view.
+ * {@link #get} allocates a String on call; {@link #view} is zero-copy.
  */
 public class PathParams {
     private final ByteView source;
@@ -24,7 +21,6 @@ public class PathParams {
         this.lens   = lens;
     }
 
-    /** Lazy — allocates a {@code String} only on call. {@code null} if the param is absent. */
     public String get(String name) {
         int i = indexOf(name);
         if (i < 0) return null;
@@ -33,7 +29,6 @@ public class PathParams {
         return new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
     }
 
-    /** Zero-copy — returns a {@link ByteView} slice over the raw path bytes. */
     ByteView view(String name) {
         int i = indexOf(name);
         if (i < 0) return null;
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/QueryParams.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/QueryParams.java
index 2170375..1b2e07f 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/QueryParams.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/QueryParams.java
@@ -7,14 +7,10 @@ import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 
 /**
- * Lazy access to URL query parameters ({@code ?key=value&...}).
- * Backed by a zero-copy {@link ByteView} over the raw query string bytes from the request buffer.
- * No parsing happens at construction — values are decoded on demand.
- *
- * <p>{@link #view} is zero-copy; {@link #get} and {@link #getAll} allocate only the result String(s).
+ * Lazy query parameter access ({@code ?key=value&...}). Backed by a zero-copy {@link ByteView}
+ * over the raw query string bytes — no parsing at construction, values decoded on demand.
  */
 public class QueryParams {
-    /** Singleton returned when the request has no query string. All methods return empty/null. */
     public static final QueryParams EMPTY = new QueryParams(null);
 
     private final ByteView raw;
@@ -23,7 +19,6 @@ public class QueryParams {
         this.raw = raw;
     }
 
-    /** Lazy — decodes the first value for {@code name}, or {@code null} if absent. */
     public String get(String name) {
         long r = findFirst(name);
         if (r < 0) return null;
@@ -33,7 +28,6 @@ public class QueryParams {
         return new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
     }
 
-    /** Zero-copy — returns a {@link ByteView} slice over the raw value bytes. */
     ByteView view(String name) {
         long r = findFirst(name);
         if (r < 0) return null;
@@ -44,7 +38,6 @@ public class QueryParams {
         };
     }
 
-    /** Lazy — returns all values for {@code name}, or an empty list if absent. */
     public List<String> getAll(String name) {
         if (raw == null) return List.of();
         List<String> result = null;
@@ -70,10 +63,7 @@ public class QueryParams {
         return result != null ? result : List.of();
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Scans for the first occurrence of {@code name=value}.
-     * Returns {@code (valStart << 32) | valLen}, or {@code -1} if not found. Zero allocations.
-     */
+    /** Returns (valStart << 32) | valLen, or -1 if not found. */
     private long findFirst(String name) {
         if (raw == null) return -1L;
         int i = 0, len = raw.length();
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Request.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Request.java
index 9f00525..97ca1fc 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Request.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Request.java
@@ -31,17 +31,10 @@ public class Request {
         this.queryParams = null;
     }
 
-    /** Convenience constructor for test mocks and pre-materialized bodies. */
     public Request(RequestLine requestLine, byte[] body) {
         this(requestLine, LazyBody.of(body));
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Factory used by {@link dev.relism.RequestParser}: creates a request whose body is read
-     * from {@code stream} on the first call to {@link #getBody()}.
-     *
-     * @param preBufLen bytes already buffered past the header end (from the 8 KB read-ahead)
-     */
     public static Request forParsed(RequestLine requestLine, InputStream stream,
                                     int contentLength, byte[] headerBuf,
                                     int bodyStart, int preBufLen) {
@@ -51,30 +44,21 @@ public class Request {
         return new Request(requestLine, lazy);
     }
 
-    /** Materializes and returns the request body, reading from the socket if not yet done. */
     public byte[] getBody() { return lazyBody.get(); }
 
-    // --- Header access (lazy: String allocated only on call) ---
-
     public String       getHeader(String name)  { return requestLine.getHeaders().getFirst(name); }
     public List<String> getHeaders(String name) { return requestLine.getHeaders().getAll(name); }
     public List<String> getHeaders()            { return requestLine.getHeaders().getAll(); }
+    public boolean      headerEquals(String name, String value) { return requestLine.getHeaders().headerValueEqualsIgnoreCase(name, value); }
 
-    // --- Path param access ---
-
-    /** Lazy: decodes the named path parameter to a {@code String}. */
     public String getPathParam(String name) {
         return pathParams != null ? pathParams.get(name) : null;
     }
 
-    // --- Query param access ---
-
-    /** Lazy: decodes the first value of {@code name}, or {@code null} if absent. */
     public String getQueryParam(String name) {
         return resolveQueryParams().get(name);
     }
 
-    /** Lazy: decodes all values of {@code name} (e.g. {@code ?tag=a&tag=b}). */
     public List<String> getQueryParams(String name) {
         return resolveQueryParams().getAll(name);
     }
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/AbstractRouter.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/AbstractRouter.java
index abf5245..5172272 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/AbstractRouter.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/AbstractRouter.java
@@ -12,17 +12,9 @@ import lombok.Getter;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 
 /**
- * Base class for all routers, used both for the server's internal router and for
- * mounted sub-routers.
- *
- * <p>Each router has a <b>namespace</b> (e.g. {@code /api}). Routes added via
- * {@link #get}, {@link #post}, etc. are <em>relative</em> to the namespace; the
- * implementation prepends it when registering. The namespace is {@code "/"} by default
- * and is set automatically by {@link GlobalRouter#mount}.
- *
- * <p>Error handlers ({@link #onNotFound}, {@link #onException}) are scoped to this router.
- * When a sub-router is mounted on the server, its handlers take precedence over the
- * server-level ones for all paths under its namespace.
+ * Base router. Each router has a namespace prefix (default {@code "/"}); routes added via
+ * {@link #get}, {@link #post}, etc. are relative to it. Error handlers are scoped to this router.
+ * The namespace is set automatically by {@link GlobalRouter#mount}.
  */
 public abstract class AbstractRouter {
 
@@ -32,8 +24,6 @@ public abstract class AbstractRouter {
     @Getter(AccessLevel.PACKAGE)
     protected byte[] namespaceBytes = new byte[]{ '/' };
 
-    // --- Default handlers ---
-
     protected SimpleHandler notFoundHandler = new SimpleHandler((req, res) -> {
         res.setStatusCode(404);
         res.setContentType(ContentType.TEXT_HTML);
@@ -46,7 +36,6 @@ public abstract class AbstractRouter {
         return ErrorPages.renderException(req, ex);
     };
 
-    // Package-private — used by GlobalRouter only
     SimpleHandler    getNotFoundHandler()  { return notFoundHandler; }
     ExceptionHandler getExceptionHandler() { return exceptionHandler; }
     void setNamespace(String namespace) {
@@ -54,54 +43,37 @@ public abstract class AbstractRouter {
         this.namespaceBytes = namespace.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
     }
 
-    // --- Public API ---
-
-    /** Overrides the default 404 response for unmatched paths under this router's namespace. */
     public AbstractRouter onNotFound(SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler handler) {
         this.notFoundHandler = new SimpleHandler(handler);
         return this;
     }
 
-    /** Overrides the default 500 response for uncaught exceptions thrown by handlers under this router. */
     public AbstractRouter onException(ExceptionHandler handler) {
         this.exceptionHandler = handler;
         return this;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Registers a route relative to this router's namespace.
-     *
-     * <p>The handler's return value drives the response:
-     * <ul>
-     *   <li>Return a {@link Response} to replace the entire response object.</li>
-     *   <li>Return any other non-null value to use it as the body (via {@code toString()} or raw bytes).</li>
-     *   <li>Return {@code null} to leave the response unchanged from what was set on the {@code Response} parameter.</li>
-     * </ul>
+     * Registers a route relative to this router's namespace. Return a {@link Response} to replace
+     * it entirely, any other non-null value to set it as the body, or {@code null} to leave it unchanged.
      */
     public AbstractRouter get(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler handler) {
         return addRoute(HttpMethod.GET, PathUtils.sanitize(path), new SimpleHandler(handler));
     }
 
-    /** @see #get(String, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler) */
     public AbstractRouter post(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler handler) {
         return addRoute(HttpMethod.POST, PathUtils.sanitize(path), new SimpleHandler(handler));
     }
 
-    /** @see #get(String, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler) */
     public AbstractRouter put(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler handler) {
         return addRoute(HttpMethod.PUT, PathUtils.sanitize(path), new SimpleHandler(handler));
     }
 
-    /** @see #get(String, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler) */
     public AbstractRouter delete(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler handler) {
         return addRoute(HttpMethod.DELETE, PathUtils.sanitize(path), new SimpleHandler(handler));
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Registers a class-based handler. The handler's class must be annotated with
-     * {@link Route @Route} declaring the HTTP method and path (relative to this router's namespace).
-     * If the annotation is absent, the call is silently ignored.
-     */
+    /** Registers a class-based handler; the class must be annotated with {@link Route @Route}. */
     public AbstractRouter register(RequestHandler handler) {
         Route annotation = handler.getClass().getAnnotation(Route.class);
         if (annotation != null) {
@@ -110,18 +82,10 @@ public abstract class AbstractRouter {
         return this;
     }
 
-    // --- For implementors ---
-
     public abstract RequestHandler route(Request request);
 
     protected abstract AbstractRouter addRoute(HttpMethod method, String path, RequestHandler handler);
 
-    /**
-     * Sets the path parameters captured during routing.
-     * Implementations must call this whenever the matched route contains path parameters.
-     * Centralised here so all router implementations participate in the same contract
-     * and produce a consistent {@link PathParams} regardless of the matching strategy.
-     */
     protected static void setPathParams(Request request, String[] names, ByteView source, int[] starts, int[] lens) {
         request.setPathParams(new PathParams(source, names, starts, lens));
     }
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouter.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouter.java
index c06bb07..5cd3d65 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouter.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouter.java
@@ -14,16 +14,8 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 
 /**
- * Top-level dispatcher owned by {@link dev.relism.HttpServer}.
- *
- * <p>Routing order on each request:
- * <ol>
- *   <li>Iterates mounted sub-routers in descending namespace length order (longest prefix first)
- *       and delegates to the first one whose namespace is a prefix of the request path.</li>
- *   <li>If no sub-router matches, falls through to the internal {@link FastPathRouterImpl}.</li>
- * </ol>
- *
- * <p>Not intended to be instantiated or subclassed directly — use {@link dev.relism.HttpServer}.
+ * Top-level dispatcher. Routes to the longest-matching mounted sub-router first,
+ * falling back to the internal {@link FastPathRouterImpl}.
  */
 public class GlobalRouter extends AbstractRouter {
     private final Map<String, AbstractRouter> subRoutersMap = new HashMap<>();
@@ -53,7 +45,6 @@ public class GlobalRouter extends AbstractRouter {
         return h != null ? h : notFoundHandler;
     }
 
-    /** Resolves the scoped exception handler for the router that owns the request path. */
     public ExceptionHandler resolveExceptionHandler(Request request) {
         ByteView path = request.getRequestLine().getPath();
         for (AbstractRouter sub : sortedSubRouters) {
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImpl.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImpl.java
index 14a92ea..98089c8 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImpl.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImpl.java
@@ -12,30 +12,16 @@ import dev.relism.routing.AbstractRouter;
 import dev.relism.routing.PathUtils;
 
 /**
- * Router implementation backed by the {@code fpr-core} byte-level state machine.
- *
- * <p>Routes are compiled lazily: the internal {@code FastPathRouter} is built on the first
- * incoming request after one or more routes have been added. Adding a route after the server
- * has started is safe — the router is marked dirty and recompiled on the next request.
- *
- * <p>Matching is done on a virtual {@code METHOD + path} byte sequence to avoid a two-step
- * lookup. Captured path parameters are exposed via {@link dev.relism.models.PathParams} on
- * the request object, accessible through {@link dev.relism.models.Request#getPathParams()}.
- *
- * <p>Thread safety: {@code FastPathRouter.match()} is safe for concurrent calls as of
- * {@code fpr-core} 1.1.0 — traversal state ({@code RouteSearch}, {@code SegmentCursor}) is
- * held in method-local variables, making the compiled router instance fully immutable.
+ * Router backed by the {@code fpr-core} byte-level state machine. Routes are compiled lazily
+ * on the first request and recompiled when routes are added after startup. Matching runs on a
+ * virtual {@code METHOD + path} byte sequence in a single pass; {@link MatchResult} and
+ * {@link FastPathViews.MethodPathByteView} are reused per-thread to avoid hot-path allocations.
  */
 public class FastPathRouterImpl extends AbstractRouter {
     private final RouterBuilder<RequestHandler> builder = new RouterBuilder<>();
     private volatile FastPathRouter<ByteView, RequestHandler> router;
     private          String[]                                 cachedParamNames;
 
-    /**
-     * Thread-local holders for per-request reusable objects.
-     * Both {@link MatchResult} and {@link FastPathViews.MethodPathByteView} are reset before use,
-     * so no allocation occurs on the routing hot path.
-     */
     private static final class FastPathRouterContext {
         private static final ThreadLocal<MatchResult<RequestHandler>> RESULT_HOLDER =
                 ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> new MatchResult<>(32, 128));
@@ -55,7 +41,7 @@ public class FastPathRouterImpl extends AbstractRouter {
     protected AbstractRouter addRoute(HttpMethod method, String path, RequestHandler handler) {
         String fullPath = PathUtils.join(namespace, path);
         builder.add(StringRouteParser.parse(method.name() + fullPath), handler);
-        this.router = null; // Mark dirty
+        this.router = null;
         return this;
     }
 
@@ -77,7 +63,6 @@ public class FastPathRouterImpl extends AbstractRouter {
             return null;
         }
 
-        // CAPTURE PARAMETERS
         int count = result.paramCount();
         if (count > 0) {
             int methodLen   = method.getBytes().length;
@@ -97,10 +82,6 @@ public class FastPathRouterImpl extends AbstractRouter {
         return result.handler();
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Ensures the FPR state machine is compiled. Uses double-checked locking on a {@code volatile}
-     * field so the fast path (already compiled) is a single null-check with no synchronization.
-     */
     private void ensureCompiled() {
         if (router == null) {
             synchronized (this) {
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathViews.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathViews.java
index ebedd6b..6ba6a31 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathViews.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathViews.java
@@ -5,17 +5,10 @@ import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
 
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 
-/**
- * Container class for various {@link ByteView} implementations used by the FastPathRouter.
- * Consolidating these views reduces package clutter while maintaining high-performance byte access.
- */
+/** {@link dev.relism.fpr.core.ByteView} implementations used on the router and parser hot paths. */
 @NoArgsConstructor
 public final class FastPathViews {
 
-    /**
-     * High-performance, zero-copy ByteView that points to a shared request buffer.
-     * Used by the {@link dev.relism.RequestParser} to scan for paths without allocations.
-     */
     public static final class RequestByteView implements ByteView {
         private final byte[] buffer;
         private final int start;
@@ -41,24 +34,17 @@ public final class FastPathViews {
         }
 
         @Override
-        public String toString() { // CHANGED: decode slice directly; avoids full-buffer String copy
+        public String toString() {
             return new String(buffer, start, length, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * A composite ByteView that prefixes a method's bytes to a path view.
-     * Enables method+path routing in a single pass with no allocation.
-     *
-     * <p>Mutable by design — reused across requests via {@code ThreadLocal}.
-     * Call {@link #reset} before each use.
-     */
+    /** Mutable composite view: method bytes + path. Reused via ThreadLocal — call reset() before use. */
     public static final class MethodPathByteView implements ByteView {
         private byte[] method;
         private ByteView path;
         private int totalLength;
 
-        /** Binds this view to a new method+path pair. Must be called before each use. */
         public void reset(byte[] method, ByteView path) {
             this.method = method;
             this.path = path;
@@ -76,9 +62,6 @@ public final class FastPathViews {
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * ByteView implementation for raw byte arrays, typically from a socket.
-     */
     public static class SocketByteView implements ByteView {
         private final byte[] data;
 
@@ -97,9 +80,6 @@ public final class FastPathViews {
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * ByteView implementation for Java Strings.
-     */
     public static class StringByteView implements ByteView {
         private final byte[] bytes;
 
diff --git a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerTest.java b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerTest.java
index c5c8d97..50548fa 100644
--- a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerTest.java
+++ b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerTest.java
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 import java.net.ServerSocket;
@@ -62,17 +63,32 @@ class HttpServerTest {
         try (Socket socket = new Socket("127.0.0.1", port);
              OutputStream out = socket.getOutputStream();
              InputStream in = socket.getInputStream()) {
-             
+
             out.write(rawHttp.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
             out.flush();
 
-            java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
-            byte[] buffer = new byte[8192];
-            int read;
-            while ((read = in.read(buffer)) != -1) {
-                baos.write(buffer, 0, read);
+            // Read until \r\n\r\n to get the full header block
+            ByteArrayOutputStream headerBuf = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+            int b, prev3 = -1, prev2 = -1, prev1 = -1;
+            while ((b = in.read()) != -1) {
+                headerBuf.write(b);
+                if (prev3 == '\r' && prev2 == '\n' && prev1 == '\r' && b == '\n') break;
+                prev3 = prev2; prev2 = prev1; prev1 = b;
             }
-            return baos.toString(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+            String headers = headerBuf.toString(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+
+            // Parse Content-Length
+            int contentLength = 0;
+            for (String line : headers.split("\r\n")) {
+                if (line.toLowerCase().startsWith("content-length:")) {
+                    contentLength = Integer.parseInt(line.substring(line.indexOf(':') + 1).trim());
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Read exactly Content-Length bytes for the body
+            byte[] body = in.readNBytes(contentLength);
+            return headers + new String(body, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/RequestParserTest.java b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/RequestParserTest.java
index 846221e..a1bcf4b 100644
--- a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/RequestParserTest.java
+++ b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/RequestParserTest.java
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class RequestParserTest {
 
     private static Request parse(String raw) throws IOException {
         byte[] bytes = raw.replace("\n", "\r\n").getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
-        return RequestParser.parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));
+        return new RequestParser().parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));
     }
 
     private static String req(String requestLine, String... headers) {
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class RequestParserTest {
     void body_parsed() throws IOException {
         String body = "hello body";
         String raw  = "POST / HTTP/1.1\r\nContent-Length: " + body.length() + "\r\n\r\n" + body;
-        Request r   = RequestParser.parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(raw.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)));
+        Request r   = new RequestParser().parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(raw.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)));
         assertNotNull(r);
         assertEquals(body, new String(r.getBody(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
     }
@@ -85,14 +85,14 @@ class RequestParserTest {
 
     @Test
     void emptyInputStream_returnsNull() throws IOException {
-        assertNull(RequestParser.parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0])));
+        assertNull(new RequestParser().parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0])));
     }
 
     @Test
     void missingHeaderTerminator_throwsIOException() {
         // Valid request line but stream ends before \r\n\r\n
         byte[] raw = "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost\r\n".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
-        assertThrows(IOException.class, () -> RequestParser.parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(raw)));
+        assertThrows(IOException.class, () -> new RequestParser().parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(raw)));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -107,11 +107,12 @@ class RequestParserTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    void headersOverBufferSize_throwsIOException() {
-        // 9 KB of data with no \r\n\r\n exhausts the 8 KB buffer
-        byte[] giant = new byte[9000];
+    void headers_exceedingMaxBufferSize_throwsIOException() {
+        // Feed more bytes than the configured cap with no \r\n\r\n — must throw
+        int cap = 16 * 1024;
+        byte[] giant = new byte[cap + 1];
         Arrays.fill(giant, (byte) 'A');
-        assertThrows(IOException.class, () -> RequestParser.parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(giant)));
+        assertThrows(IOException.class, () -> new RequestParser(cap).parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(giant)));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ class RequestParserTest {
         // Content-Length claims 50 but stream ends after 5 bytes
         String body = "hello";
         String raw  = "POST / HTTP/1.1\r\nContent-Length: 50\r\n\r\n" + body;
-        Request r   = RequestParser.parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(raw.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)));
+        Request r   = new RequestParser().parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(raw.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)));
         assertNotNull(r);
         assertEquals(50, r.getBody().length);
         assertEquals(body, new String(r.getBody(), 0, body.length(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8));