From 96afbf665d54aa3c14df0ccf40d576a60f453faf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Relism <itzdrekkopvp@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Mar 2026 12:44:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] enhanced HTTP server configuration and response handling;
 added acceptorThreads, improved header management, and refined error page
 titles

---
 .idea/workspace.xml                           | 169 +++++++++++------
 flash-bench/pom.xml                           |  54 ++----
 .../relism/bench/StaticResourceManager.java   | 176 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServer.java  | 161 +++++++++-------
 .../dev/relism/HttpServerConfiguration.java   |   2 +
 flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/Main.java      | 150 ++++++++++++---
 .../main/java/dev/relism/RequestParser.java   |  85 ++++++---
 .../java/dev/relism/http/ContentType.java     |   2 +-
 .../main/java/dev/relism/http/HttpStatus.java |  11 +-
 .../java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMap.java     | 136 +++++++++-----
 .../main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java |  55 ------
 .../java/dev/relism/models/QueryParams.java   |   2 +-
 .../main/java/dev/relism/models/Request.java  | 130 ++++++++++---
 .../dev/relism/models/RequestHandler.java     |   2 +-
 .../main/java/dev/relism/models/Response.java | 137 ++++++++++++--
 .../java/dev/relism/models/SimpleHandler.java |   4 +-
 .../dev/relism/routing/AbstractRouter.java    |  29 ++-
 .../routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathViews.java |   2 +-
 .../resources/assets/html/default_404.html    |   2 +-
 .../assets/html/default_exception.html        |   2 +-
 .../dev/relism/HttpServerConcurrencyTest.java |   2 +-
 .../test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerTest.java  | 154 ++++++++++++---
 .../java/dev/relism/RequestParserTest.java    |  50 +++--
 .../java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMapTest.java |  92 ++++-----
 .../dev/relism/models/RequestLineTest.java    |   2 +-
 .../java/dev/relism/models/RequestTest.java   |  69 +++----
 .../java/dev/relism/models/ResponseTest.java  |  77 ++++++--
 .../dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouterTest.java  |   2 +-
 .../FastPathRouterImplTest.java               |  10 +-
 .../dev/relism/template/ErrorPagesTest.java   |   2 +-
 30 files changed, 1250 insertions(+), 521 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 flash-bench/src/main/java/dev/relism/bench/StaticResourceManager.java
 delete mode 100644 flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java

diff --git a/.idea/workspace.xml b/.idea/workspace.xml
index e5ebdc6..cc3dfdf 100644
--- a/.idea/workspace.xml
+++ b/.idea/workspace.xml
@@ -4,24 +4,37 @@
     <option name="autoReloadType" value="SELECTIVE" />
   </component>
   <component name="ChangeListManager">
-    <list default="true" id="fc757130-fe3e-4ea9-8d69-c26ffb8545a4" name="Changes" comment="refactored, pre-buffer reuse">
+    <list default="true" id="fc757130-fe3e-4ea9-8d69-c26ffb8545a4" name="Changes" comment="optimized dynamic body size impl, decluttering javadocs/comments">
+      <change afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash-bench/src/main/java/dev/relism/bench/StaticResourceManager.java" afterDir="false" />
       <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/.idea/workspace.xml" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/.idea/workspace.xml" afterDir="false" />
       <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash-bench/pom.xml" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash-bench/pom.xml" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash-bench/src/main/java/dev/relism/bench/Main.java" beforeDir="false" />
       <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServer.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServer.java" afterDir="false" />
       <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConfiguration.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConfiguration.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/Main.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/Main.java" afterDir="false" />
       <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/RequestParser.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/RequestParser.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/http/ContentType.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/http/ContentType.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/http/HttpStatus.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/http/HttpStatus.java" afterDir="false" />
       <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMap.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMap.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/PathParams.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/PathParams.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java" beforeDir="false" />
       <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/QueryParams.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/QueryParams.java" afterDir="false" />
       <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Request.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Request.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/RequestHandler.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/RequestHandler.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Response.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Response.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/SimpleHandler.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/SimpleHandler.java" afterDir="false" />
       <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/AbstractRouter.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/AbstractRouter.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouter.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouter.java" afterDir="false" />
-      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImpl.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImpl.java" afterDir="false" />
       <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathViews.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathViews.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/resources/assets/html/default_404.html" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/resources/assets/html/default_404.html" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/resources/assets/html/default_exception.html" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/main/resources/assets/html/default_exception.html" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConcurrencyTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConcurrencyTest.java" afterDir="false" />
       <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerTest.java" afterDir="false" />
       <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/RequestParserTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/RequestParserTest.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMapTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMapTest.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/RequestLineTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/RequestLineTest.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/RequestTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/RequestTest.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/ResponseTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/ResponseTest.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouterTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouterTest.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImplTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImplTest.java" afterDir="false" />
+      <change beforePath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/template/ErrorPagesTest.java" beforeDir="false" afterPath="$PROJECT_DIR$/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/template/ErrorPagesTest.java" afterDir="false" />
     </list>
     <option name="SHOW_DIALOG" value="false" />
     <option name="HIGHLIGHT_CONFLICTS" value="true" />
@@ -35,7 +48,7 @@
     </persistenceIdMap>
   </component>
   <component name="EmbeddingIndexingInfo">
-    <option name="cachedIndexableFilesCount" value="88" />
+    <option name="cachedIndexableFilesCount" value="86" />
     <option name="fileBasedEmbeddingIndicesEnabled" value="true" />
   </component>
   <component name="FileTemplateManagerImpl">
@@ -73,44 +86,48 @@
     <option name="hideEmptyMiddlePackages" value="true" />
     <option name="showLibraryContents" value="true" />
   </component>
-  <component name="PropertiesComponent"><![CDATA[{
-  "keyToString": {
-    "Application.ExternalBenchmark.executor": "Run",
-    "Application.Main.executor": "Run",
-    "Application.dev.relism.bench.Main.executor": "Run",
-    "JUnit.RequestParserTest.executor": "Run",
-    "JUnit.RequestParserTest.headers_caseInsensitive.executor": "Debug",
-    "Maven.FlashPractice [test].executor": "Run",
-    "Maven.flash [compile].executor": "Run",
-    "Maven.flash [install].executor": "Run",
-    "Maven.flash [test].executor": "Run",
-    "Maven.flash-bench [clean].executor": "Run",
-    "Maven.flash-bench [install].executor": "Run",
-    "Maven.flash-bench [validate].executor": "Run",
-    "ModuleVcsDetector.initialDetectionPerformed": "true",
-    "RunOnceActivity.MCP Project settings loaded": "true",
-    "RunOnceActivity.ShowReadmeOnStart": "true",
-    "RunOnceActivity.TerminalTabsStorage.copyFrom.TerminalArrangementManager.252": "true",
-    "RunOnceActivity.git.unshallow": "true",
-    "RunOnceActivity.typescript.service.memoryLimit.init": "true",
-    "SHARE_PROJECT_CONFIGURATION_FILES": "true",
-    "git-widget-placeholder": "master",
-    "ignore.virus.scanning.warn.message": "true",
-    "kotlin-language-version-configured": "true",
-    "last_opened_file_path": "C:/Users/elorc/Documents/Coding/Java/practice/Flash",
-    "node.js.detected.package.eslint": "true",
-    "node.js.detected.package.tslint": "true",
-    "node.js.selected.package.eslint": "(autodetect)",
-    "node.js.selected.package.tslint": "(autodetect)",
-    "nodejs_package_manager_path": "npm",
-    "onboarding.tips.debug.path": "C:/Users/elorc/Documents/Coding/Java/practice/FlashPractice/flash-bench/src/main/java/dev/relism/Main.java",
-    "project.structure.last.edited": "Modules",
-    "project.structure.proportion": "0.15",
-    "project.structure.side.proportion": "0.1150748",
-    "settings.editor.selected.configurable": "ml.llm.LLMThirdPartyAiProvidersConfigurable",
-    "vue.rearranger.settings.migration": "true"
+  <component name="PropertiesComponent">{
+  &quot;keyToString&quot;: {
+    &quot;Application.ExternalBenchmark (1).executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
+    &quot;Application.ExternalBenchmark.executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
+    &quot;Application.Main.executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
+    &quot;Application.dev.relism.bench.Main.executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
+    &quot;JUnit.RequestParserTest.executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
+    &quot;JUnit.RequestParserTest.headers_caseInsensitive.executor&quot;: &quot;Debug&quot;,
+    &quot;Maven.FlashPractice [test].executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
+    &quot;Maven.flash [compile].executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
+    &quot;Maven.flash [install].executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
+    &quot;Maven.flash [test].executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
+    &quot;Maven.flash-bench [clean].executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
+    &quot;Maven.flash-bench [install].executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
+    &quot;Maven.flash-bench [package].executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
+    &quot;Maven.flash-bench [validate].executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
+    &quot;Maven.flash-parent [install].executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
+    &quot;Maven.flash-parent [package].executor&quot;: &quot;Run&quot;,
+    &quot;ModuleVcsDetector.initialDetectionPerformed&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
+    &quot;RunOnceActivity.MCP Project settings loaded&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
+    &quot;RunOnceActivity.ShowReadmeOnStart&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
+    &quot;RunOnceActivity.TerminalTabsStorage.copyFrom.TerminalArrangementManager.252&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
+    &quot;RunOnceActivity.git.unshallow&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
+    &quot;RunOnceActivity.typescript.service.memoryLimit.init&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
+    &quot;SHARE_PROJECT_CONFIGURATION_FILES&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
+    &quot;git-widget-placeholder&quot;: &quot;master&quot;,
+    &quot;ignore.virus.scanning.warn.message&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
+    &quot;kotlin-language-version-configured&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
+    &quot;last_opened_file_path&quot;: &quot;C:/Users/elorc/Documents/Coding/Java/practice/Flash&quot;,
+    &quot;node.js.detected.package.eslint&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
+    &quot;node.js.detected.package.tslint&quot;: &quot;true&quot;,
+    &quot;node.js.selected.package.eslint&quot;: &quot;(autodetect)&quot;,
+    &quot;node.js.selected.package.tslint&quot;: &quot;(autodetect)&quot;,
+    &quot;nodejs_package_manager_path&quot;: &quot;npm&quot;,
+    &quot;onboarding.tips.debug.path&quot;: &quot;C:/Users/elorc/Documents/Coding/Java/practice/FlashPractice/flash-bench/src/main/java/dev/relism/Main.java&quot;,
+    &quot;project.structure.last.edited&quot;: &quot;Modules&quot;,
+    &quot;project.structure.proportion&quot;: &quot;0.15&quot;,
+    &quot;project.structure.side.proportion&quot;: &quot;0.1150748&quot;,
+    &quot;settings.editor.selected.configurable&quot;: &quot;ml.llm.LLMThirdPartyAiProvidersConfigurable&quot;,
+    &quot;vue.rearranger.settings.migration&quot;: &quot;true&quot;
   }
-}]]></component>
+}</component>
   <component name="RecentsManager">
     <key name="MoveFile.RECENT_KEYS">
       <recent name="C:\Users\elorc\Documents\Coding\Java\practice\Flash" />
@@ -119,10 +136,10 @@
       <recent name="dev.relism" />
     </key>
   </component>
-  <component name="RunManager" selected="Application.ExternalBenchmark">
-    <configuration name="ExternalBenchmark" type="Application" factoryName="Application" temporary="true" nameIsGenerated="true">
+  <component name="RunManager" selected="Application.dev.relism.bench.Main">
+    <configuration name="ExternalBenchmark (1)" type="Application" factoryName="Application" temporary="true" nameIsGenerated="true">
       <option name="MAIN_CLASS_NAME" value="dev.relism.ExternalBenchmark" />
-      <module name="flash-bench" />
+      <module name="flash" />
       <extension name="coverage">
         <pattern>
           <option name="PATTERN" value="dev.relism.*" />
@@ -133,12 +150,38 @@
         <option name="Make" enabled="true" />
       </method>
     </configuration>
+    <configuration name="ExternalBenchmark" type="Application" factoryName="Application" temporary="true" nameIsGenerated="true">
+      <option name="MAIN_CLASS_NAME" value="dev.relism.bench.ExternalBenchmark" />
+      <module name="flash-bench" />
+      <extension name="coverage">
+        <pattern>
+          <option name="PATTERN" value="dev.relism.bench.*" />
+          <option name="ENABLED" value="true" />
+        </pattern>
+      </extension>
+      <method v="2">
+        <option name="Make" enabled="true" />
+      </method>
+    </configuration>
+    <configuration name="ExternalBenchmark" type="Application" factoryName="Application" temporary="true" nameIsGenerated="true">
+      <option name="MAIN_CLASS_NAME" value="dev.relism.bench.ExternalBenchmark" />
+      <module name="flash" />
+      <extension name="coverage">
+        <pattern>
+          <option name="PATTERN" value="dev.relism.bench.*" />
+          <option name="ENABLED" value="true" />
+        </pattern>
+      </extension>
+      <method v="2">
+        <option name="Make" enabled="true" />
+      </method>
+    </configuration>
     <configuration name="Main" type="Application" factoryName="Application" temporary="true" nameIsGenerated="true">
       <option name="MAIN_CLASS_NAME" value="dev.relism.Main" />
       <module name="flash" />
       <extension name="coverage">
         <pattern>
-          <option name="PATTERN" value="dev.relism.*" />
+          <option name="PATTERN" value="dev.relism.bench.*" />
           <option name="ENABLED" value="true" />
         </pattern>
       </extension>
@@ -151,7 +194,7 @@
       <module name="flash-bench" />
       <extension name="coverage">
         <pattern>
-          <option name="PATTERN" value="dev.relism.*" />
+          <option name="PATTERN" value="dev.relism.bench.*" />
           <option name="ENABLED" value="true" />
         </pattern>
       </extension>
@@ -161,9 +204,10 @@
     </configuration>
     <recent_temporary>
       <list>
-        <item itemvalue="Application.ExternalBenchmark" />
         <item itemvalue="Application.dev.relism.bench.Main" />
         <item itemvalue="Application.Main" />
+        <item itemvalue="Application.ExternalBenchmark (1)" />
+        <item itemvalue="Application.ExternalBenchmark" />
       </list>
     </recent_temporary>
   </component>
@@ -193,7 +237,17 @@
       <workItem from="1773536904928" duration="395000" />
       <workItem from="1773537302622" duration="150000" />
       <workItem from="1773537489622" duration="5048000" />
-      <workItem from="1773576241900" duration="14674000" />
+      <workItem from="1773576241900" duration="22639000" />
+      <workItem from="1773613172976" duration="13157000" />
+      <workItem from="1773668722120" duration="389000" />
+      <workItem from="1773680650110" duration="4711000" />
+      <workItem from="1773701882230" duration="6975000" />
+      <workItem from="1773744806275" duration="48612000" />
+      <workItem from="1773831300464" duration="1538000" />
+      <workItem from="1773837116508" duration="4255000" />
+      <workItem from="1773847734658" duration="911000" />
+      <workItem from="1773875652058" duration="5481000" />
+      <workItem from="1773915392332" duration="1223000" />
     </task>
     <task id="LOCAL-00001" summary="Initial">
       <option name="closed" value="true" />
@@ -219,7 +273,15 @@
       <option name="project" value="LOCAL" />
       <updated>1773581516834</updated>
     </task>
-    <option name="localTasksCounter" value="4" />
+    <task id="LOCAL-00004" summary="optimized dynamic body size impl, decluttering javadocs/comments">
+      <option name="closed" value="true" />
+      <created>1773591259108</created>
+      <option name="number" value="00004" />
+      <option name="presentableId" value="LOCAL-00004" />
+      <option name="project" value="LOCAL" />
+      <updated>1773591259108</updated>
+    </task>
+    <option name="localTasksCounter" value="5" />
     <servers />
   </component>
   <component name="TypeScriptGeneratedFilesManager">
@@ -240,7 +302,8 @@
     <MESSAGE value="Initial" />
     <MESSAGE value="pre-module refactor" />
     <MESSAGE value="refactored, pre-buffer reuse" />
-    <option name="LAST_COMMIT_MESSAGE" value="refactored, pre-buffer reuse" />
+    <MESSAGE value="optimized dynamic body size impl, decluttering javadocs/comments" />
+    <option name="LAST_COMMIT_MESSAGE" value="optimized dynamic body size impl, decluttering javadocs/comments" />
   </component>
   <component name="XSLT-Support.FileAssociations.UIState">
     <expand />
diff --git a/flash-bench/pom.xml b/flash-bench/pom.xml
index b86f87f..be44d6f 100644
--- a/flash-bench/pom.xml
+++ b/flash-bench/pom.xml
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
          xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
          xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
@@ -11,10 +10,11 @@
     </parent>
 
     <artifactId>flash-bench</artifactId>
-    <packaging>jar</packaging>
 
     <properties>
-        <jmh.version>1.37</jmh.version>
+        <maven.compiler.release>21</maven.compiler.release>
+        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
+        <ahc.version>2.12.3</ahc.version>
     </properties>
 
     <dependencies>
@@ -26,39 +26,20 @@
             <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
             <artifactId>slf4j-simple</artifactId>
         </dependency>
-        <dependency>
-            <groupId>org.openjdk.jmh</groupId>
-            <artifactId>jmh-generator-annprocess</artifactId>
-            <version>${jmh.version}</version>
-            <scope>provided</scope>
-        </dependency>
         <dependency>
             <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
             <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
         </dependency>
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>org.asynchttpclient</groupId>
+            <artifactId>async-http-client</artifactId>
+            <version>${ahc.version}</version>
+        </dependency>
     </dependencies>
 
     <build>
+        <finalName>flash-bench</finalName>
         <plugins>
-            <plugin>
-                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
-                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
-                <configuration>
-                    <annotationProcessorPaths>
-                        <path>
-                            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
-                            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
-                            <version>${lombok.version}</version>
-                        </path>
-                        <path>
-                            <groupId>org.openjdk.jmh</groupId>
-                            <artifactId>jmh-generator-annprocess</artifactId>
-                            <version>${jmh.version}</version>
-                        </path>
-                    </annotationProcessorPaths>
-                </configuration>
-            </plugin>
-            <!--
             <plugin>
                 <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                 <artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId>
@@ -68,7 +49,12 @@
                         <phase>package</phase>
                         <goals><goal>shade</goal></goals>
                         <configuration>
-                            <createDependencyReducedPom>false</createDependencyReducedPom>
+                            <transformers>
+                                <transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer">
+                                    <mainClass>dev.relism.bench.Main</mainClass>
+                                </transformer>
+                                <transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ServicesResourceTransformer"/>
+                            </transformers>
                             <filters>
                                 <filter>
                                     <artifact>*:*</artifact>
@@ -79,18 +65,10 @@
                                     </excludes>
                                 </filter>
                             </filters>
-                            <transformers>
-                                <transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer">
-                                    <mainClass>dev.relism.bench.Main</mainClass>
-                                </transformer>
-                                <transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ServicesResourceTransformer"/>
-                            </transformers>
                         </configuration>
                     </execution>
                 </executions>
             </plugin>
-            -->
         </plugins>
     </build>
-
-</project>
+</project>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flash-bench/src/main/java/dev/relism/bench/StaticResourceManager.java b/flash-bench/src/main/java/dev/relism/bench/StaticResourceManager.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64d8efb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flash-bench/src/main/java/dev/relism/bench/StaticResourceManager.java
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+package dev.relism.bench;
+
+import dev.relism.HttpServer;
+import dev.relism.http.ContentType;
+import dev.relism.http.HttpStatus;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream;
+
+@Slf4j
+public class StaticResourceManager {
+    private static final int GZIP_THRESHOLD = 1024;
+    private static final Map<String, ContentType> MIME_TYPES = new HashMap<>();
+
+    static {
+        MIME_TYPES.put("html", ContentType.TEXT_HTML);
+        MIME_TYPES.put("css",  ContentType.TEXT_CSS);
+        MIME_TYPES.put("js",   ContentType.TEXT_JAVASCRIPT);
+        MIME_TYPES.put("mjs",  ContentType.TEXT_JAVASCRIPT);
+        MIME_TYPES.put("png",  ContentType.IMAGE_PNG);
+        MIME_TYPES.put("jpg",  ContentType.IMAGE_JPEG);
+        MIME_TYPES.put("jpeg", ContentType.IMAGE_JPEG);
+        MIME_TYPES.put("svg",  ContentType.IMAGE_SVG);
+        MIME_TYPES.put("json", ContentType.JSON);
+        MIME_TYPES.put("ico",  ContentType.BINARY);
+        MIME_TYPES.put("webp", ContentType.BINARY);
+    }
+
+    public record BakedAsset(byte[] raw, byte[] gzipped, ContentType contentType, boolean immutable, String etag) {}
+
+    private final Map<String, BakedAsset> cache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    private final String mountPath;
+    private BakedAsset indexFallback;
+
+    // Campi per le statistiche del report
+    private long totalRawSize = 0, totalCompressedSize = 0;
+    private int compressedCount = 0;
+
+    public StaticResourceManager(Path rootPath, String mountPath) {
+        this.mountPath = normalizeMountPath(mountPath);
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        bakeAll(rootPath);
+        long duration = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
+
+        // Richiamo del report qui
+        printReport(duration);
+    }
+
+    private String normalizeMountPath(String path) {
+        String p = path.startsWith("/") ? path : "/" + path;
+        return p.endsWith("/") ? p.substring(0, p.length() - 1) : p;
+    }
+
+    private void bakeAll(Path rootPath) {
+        if (!Files.exists(rootPath)) return;
+        try (var stream = Files.walk(rootPath)) {
+            stream.filter(Files::isRegularFile).forEach(file -> {
+                try {
+                    String relative = rootPath.relativize(file).toString().replace("\\", "/");
+                    byte[] raw = Files.readAllBytes(file);
+                    byte[] gzipped = compressIfBeneficial(raw, relative);
+                    String etag = "\"" + Integer.toHexString(Arrays.hashCode(raw)) + "-" + raw.length + "\"";
+                    boolean isImmutable = relative.matches(".*\\.[a-f0-9]{8,}\\..*");
+
+                    BakedAsset asset = new BakedAsset(raw, gzipped, resolveContentType(relative), isImmutable, etag);
+                    cache.put(relative, asset);
+
+                    // Aggiornamento statistiche
+                    totalRawSize += raw.length;
+                    totalCompressedSize += (gzipped != null) ? gzipped.length : raw.length;
+                    if (gzipped != null) compressedCount++;
+                    if ("index.html".equals(relative)) indexFallback = asset;
+                } catch (IOException ignored) {}
+            });
+        } catch (IOException ignored) {}
+    }
+
+    // --- IL METODO PRINTREPORT ---
+    private void printReport(long duration) {
+        double saved = totalRawSize > 0 ? (1.0 - (double)totalCompressedSize / totalRawSize) * 100 : 0;
+        long immutableCount = cache.values().stream().filter(BakedAsset::immutable).count();
+
+        System.out.println("\n" + "=".repeat(45));
+        System.out.printf("🚀 FLASH ASSET BAKE COMPLETE [%dms]\n", duration);
+        System.out.println("-".repeat(45));
+        System.out.printf("📦 Total Assets:      %d\n", cache.size());
+        System.out.printf("🤐 Gzipped (On-Disk): %d\n", compressedCount);
+        System.out.printf("💾 RAM Usage:         %.2f MB\n", (double)totalRawSize / (1024 * 1024));
+        System.out.printf("📉 Bandwidth Saving:  %.1f%%\n", saved);
+        System.out.println("-".repeat(45));
+        System.out.println("🛡️  STRATEGIES ENABLED:");
+        System.out.println("   • ETag Validation:   [ACTIVE] (304 Not Modified)");
+        System.out.printf("   • Immutable Assets:  [%d files] (Cache: 1 year)\n", immutableCount);
+        System.out.println("   • SPA Fallback:      [ENABLED] (Route -> index.html)");
+        System.out.println("=".repeat(45) + "\n");
+    }
+
+    public void register(HttpServer server) {
+        server.get(mountPath + "/**", (req, res) -> {
+            String path = req.getRequestLine().getPath().toString();
+            String subPath = path.substring(mountPath.length()).replaceFirst("^/", "");
+
+            BakedAsset asset = subPath.isEmpty() ? indexFallback : cache.get(subPath);
+
+            if (asset == null) {
+                if (!subPath.contains(".") && indexFallback != null) {
+                    return serve(res, indexFallback, req);
+                }
+                return res.status(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);
+            }
+            return serve(res, asset, req);
+        });
+    }
+
+    private Object serve(dev.relism.models.Response res, BakedAsset asset, dev.relism.models.Request req) {
+        // Caching condizionale (ETag)
+        String ifNoneMatch = req.header("If-None-Match");
+        if (asset.etag().equals(ifNoneMatch)) {
+            return res.status(HttpStatus.NOT_MODIFIED);
+        }
+
+        res.type(asset.contentType());
+        res.header("ETag", asset.etag());
+
+        // Cache-Control Strategy
+        if (asset.contentType() == ContentType.TEXT_HTML) {
+            res.header("Cache-Control", "no-cache, must-revalidate");
+        } else if (asset.immutable()) {
+            res.header("Cache-Control", "public, max-age=31536000, immutable");
+        } else {
+            res.header("Cache-Control", "public, max-age=3600");
+        }
+
+        if (asset.gzipped() != null && acceptsGzip(req)) {
+            res.header("Content-Encoding", "gzip");
+            res.header("Vary", "Accept-Encoding");
+            return res.body(asset.gzipped());
+        }
+        return res.body(asset.raw());
+    }
+
+    private boolean acceptsGzip(dev.relism.models.Request req) {
+        String enc = req.header("Accept-Encoding");
+        return enc != null && enc.contains("gzip");
+    }
+
+    private byte[] compressIfBeneficial(byte[] data, String name) {
+        if (data.length < GZIP_THRESHOLD || isAlreadyCompressed(name)) return null;
+        try (var baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); var gzip = new GZIPOutputStream(baos)) {
+            gzip.write(data);
+            gzip.finish();
+            byte[] compressed = baos.toByteArray();
+            return compressed.length < (data.length * 0.9) ? compressed : null;
+        } catch (IOException e) { return null; }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isAlreadyCompressed(String n) {
+        n = n.toLowerCase();
+        return n.endsWith(".png") || n.endsWith(".jpg") || n.endsWith(".jpeg") || n.endsWith(".ico") || n.endsWith(".webp");
+    }
+
+    private ContentType resolveContentType(String filename) {
+        int dot = filename.lastIndexOf('.');
+        String ext = (dot > 0) ? filename.substring(dot + 1).toLowerCase() : "";
+        return MIME_TYPES.getOrDefault(ext, ContentType.BINARY);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServer.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServer.java
index ec89db9..90a3cd1 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServer.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServer.java
@@ -39,8 +39,10 @@ public class HttpServer {
     private static final byte[] CRLF = "\r\n".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
     private static final byte[] CONTENT_TYPE = "Content-Type: ".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
     private static final byte[] CONTENT_LENGTH = "Content-Length: ".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
-    private static final byte[] CONNECTION_CLOSE = "Connection: close\r\n".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+    private static final byte[] CONNECTION_CLOSE    = "Connection: close\r\n".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
     private static final byte[] CONNECTION_KEEPALIVE = "Connection: keep-alive\r\n".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+    private static final byte[] TRANSFER_CHUNKED    = "Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+    private static final byte[] FINAL_CHUNK         = "0\r\n\r\n".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
 
     private static final byte[] UNKNOWN_STATUS_SUFFIX = " Unknown".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
 
@@ -122,30 +124,17 @@ public class HttpServer {
         return this;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Registers a route on the internal router. The handler return value drives the response:
-     * return a {@link dev.relism.models.Response} to replace it entirely, any other non-null
-     * value to set it as the body, or {@code null} to leave the response object unchanged.
-     */
-    public HttpServer get(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h) {
-        globalRouter.get(path, h);
-        return this;
-    }
+    public HttpServer get(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h)     { globalRouter.get(path, h);     return this; }
+    public HttpServer post(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h)    { globalRouter.post(path, h);    return this; }
+    public HttpServer put(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h)     { globalRouter.put(path, h);     return this; }
+    public HttpServer delete(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h)  { globalRouter.delete(path, h);  return this; }
+    public HttpServer patch(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h)   { globalRouter.patch(path, h);   return this; }
+    public HttpServer options(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h) { globalRouter.options(path, h); return this; }
+    public HttpServer head(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h)    { globalRouter.head(path, h);    return this; }
+    public HttpServer trace(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h)   { globalRouter.trace(path, h);   return this; }
+    public HttpServer connect(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h) { globalRouter.connect(path, h); return this; }
+    public HttpServer purge(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h)   { globalRouter.purge(path, h);   return this; }
 
-    public HttpServer post(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h) {
-        globalRouter.post(path, h);
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    public HttpServer put(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h) {
-        globalRouter.put(path, h);
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    public HttpServer delete(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h) {
-        globalRouter.delete(path, h);
-        return this;
-    }
 
     private void process(Socket socket) {
         activeSockets.add(socket);
@@ -161,7 +150,7 @@ public class HttpServer {
 
                     boolean keepAlive = isKeepAlive(request);
 
-                    Response response = new Response(200, new byte[0], ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);
+                    Response response = new Response(200, ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);
                     RequestHandler handler = globalRouter.route(request);
 
                     try {
@@ -178,29 +167,19 @@ public class HttpServer {
                             response.setBody(result);
                     }
 
-                    request.getBody();
-
-                    out.write(HTTP_1_1);
-                    writeStatusPhrase(out, response.getStatusCode());
-                    out.write(CRLF);
-                    out.write(CONTENT_TYPE);
-                    out.write(response.getContentType());
-                    out.write(CRLF);
-                    out.write(CONTENT_LENGTH);
-                    writeInt(out, response.getBody() != null ? response.getBody().length : 0);
-                    out.write(CRLF);
-                    out.write(keepAlive ? CONNECTION_KEEPALIVE : CONNECTION_CLOSE);
-                    out.write(CRLF);
-                    if (response.getBody() != null)
-                        out.write(response.getBody());
-                    out.flush();
+                    writeResponse(out, response, keepAlive);
+                    request.drain();
 
                     if (!keepAlive)
                         break;
                 }
             } catch (IOException e) {
-                if (!stopped)
-                    log.error("I/O error handling request", e);
+                if (!stopped) {
+                    if (e instanceof java.net.SocketException)
+                        log.debug("Connection closed: {}", e.getMessage());
+                    else
+                        log.error("I/O error handling request", e);
+                }
             } finally {
                 activeSockets.remove(socket);
             }
@@ -215,31 +194,87 @@ public class HttpServer {
                 || request.headerEquals("Connection", "keep-alive");
     }
 
-    private static void writeStatusPhrase(OutputStream out, int statusCode) throws IOException {
-        byte[] phrase = HttpStatus.bytesForCode(statusCode);
-        if (phrase != null) {
-            out.write(phrase);
+    /**
+     * Writes a complete HTTP response. The fixed-body path (the common case for simple handlers
+     * like /plaintext) is kept inline; streaming and chunked bodies are delegated to
+     * {@link #writeStreamingBody} so the JIT can optimise this method aggressively.
+     */
+    private static void writeResponse(OutputStream out, Response response, boolean keepAlive) throws IOException {
+        out.write(HTTP_1_1);
+        byte[] statusBytes = response.getStatusBytes();
+        if (statusBytes != null) out.write(statusBytes);
+        else writeStatusPhrase(out, response.getStatusCode());
+        out.write(CRLF);
+        out.write(CONTENT_TYPE);
+        out.write(response.getContentType());
+        out.write(CRLF);
+        response.writeHeaders(out);
+
+        if (response.isStreaming()) {
+            writeStreamingBody(out, response, keepAlive);
         } else {
-            writeInt(out, statusCode);
-            out.write(UNKNOWN_STATUS_SUFFIX);
+            byte[] body = response.getBody();
+            out.write(CONTENT_LENGTH);
+            writeLong(out, body != null ? body.length : 0);
+            out.write(CRLF);
+            out.write(keepAlive ? CONNECTION_KEEPALIVE : CONNECTION_CLOSE);
+            out.write(CRLF);
+            if (body != null) out.write(body);
+        }
+        out.flush();
+    }
+
+    /** Streaming write path — extracted from {@link #writeResponse} to keep the hot method small. */
+    private static void writeStreamingBody(OutputStream out, Response response, boolean keepAlive) throws IOException {
+        if (!response.isChunked()) {
+            out.write(CONTENT_LENGTH);
+            writeLong(out, response.getStreamLength());
+            out.write(CRLF);
+            out.write(keepAlive ? CONNECTION_KEEPALIVE : CONNECTION_CLOSE);
+            out.write(CRLF);
+            response.getStream().transferTo(out);
+        } else {
+            out.write(TRANSFER_CHUNKED);
+            out.write(keepAlive ? CONNECTION_KEEPALIVE : CONNECTION_CLOSE);
+            out.write(CRLF);
+            writeChunked(out, response.getStream());
         }
     }
 
-    private static void writeInt(OutputStream out, int value) throws IOException {
-        if (value == 0) {
-            out.write(DIGITS[0]);
-            return;
+    private static void writeStatusPhrase(OutputStream out, int statusCode) throws IOException {
+        byte[] phrase = HttpStatus.bytesForCode(statusCode);
+        if (phrase != null) out.write(phrase);
+        else { writeLong(out, statusCode); out.write(UNKNOWN_STATUS_SUFFIX); }
+    }
+
+    private static void writeLong(OutputStream out, long value) throws IOException {
+        if (value == 0) { out.write(DIGITS[0]); return; }
+        if (value < 0)  { out.write('-'); value = -value; }
+        long divisor = 1;
+        while (value / divisor >= 10) divisor *= 10;
+        while (divisor > 0) { out.write(DIGITS[(int) ((value / divisor) % 10)]); divisor /= 10; }
+    }
+
+    private static void writeChunked(OutputStream out, InputStream stream) throws IOException {
+        byte[] buf = new byte[8192];
+        int n;
+        while ((n = stream.read(buf)) > 0) {
+            writeHex(out, n);
+            out.write(CRLF);
+            out.write(buf, 0, n);
+            out.write(CRLF);
         }
-        if (value < 0) {
-            out.write('-');
-            value = -value;
-        }
-        int divisor = 1;
-        while (value / divisor >= 10)
-            divisor *= 10;
-        while (divisor > 0) {
-            out.write(DIGITS[(value / divisor) % 10]);
-            divisor /= 10;
+        out.write(FINAL_CHUNK);
+    }
+
+    private static void writeHex(OutputStream out, int value) throws IOException {
+        int shift = 28;
+        boolean leading = true;
+        while (shift >= 0) {
+            int digit = (value >>> shift) & 0xF;
+            if (digit != 0 || !leading) { leading = false; out.write(digit < 10 ? '0' + digit : 'a' + digit - 10); }
+            shift -= 4;
         }
+        if (leading) out.write('0');
     }
 }
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConfiguration.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConfiguration.java
index c229202..f0ef5b8 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConfiguration.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConfiguration.java
@@ -9,5 +9,7 @@ public class HttpServerConfiguration {
     private int port;
     private String host;
     @Builder.Default
+    private int acceptorThreads = 1;
+    @Builder.Default
     private int maxHeaderBufferSize = 64 * 1024;
 }
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/Main.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/Main.java
index ca72bc8..3be7184 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/Main.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/Main.java
@@ -1,47 +1,141 @@
 package dev.relism;
 
+import dev.relism.api.multipart.Multipart;
+import dev.relism.api.multipart.Part;
 import dev.relism.http.ContentType;
-import dev.relism.models.*;
-import dev.relism.routing.Route;
-import dev.relism.routing.routers.fastpathrouter.FastPathRouterImpl;
+import dev.relism.http.HttpStatus;
 import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 
-import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.file.*;
+import java.util.List;
 
 @Slf4j
 public class Main {
 
-    private static final int PORT = 8080;
-
-    /*
-    @Route(method = "GET", path = "/profile")
-    public static class ProfileHandler extends RequestHandler {
-        @Override
-        public Object handle(Request request, Response response) {
-            return "Class based handler: User profile info under /api/profile";
-        }
-    }
-     */
+    private static final int  PORT       = 8080;
+    private static final Path UPLOAD_DIR = Path.of(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir"), "flash-uploads");
 
     public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
-        HttpServerConfiguration config = HttpServerConfiguration.builder()
-                .port(PORT)
-                .host("localhost")
-                .build();
+        Files.createDirectories(UPLOAD_DIR);
 
-        HttpServer server = new HttpServer(config);
+        HttpServer server = new HttpServer(
+                HttpServerConfiguration.builder().port(PORT).build());
 
-        FastPathRouterImpl apiRouter = new FastPathRouterImpl();
-        server.mount("/api", apiRouter);
-
-        // apiRouter.register(new ProfileHandler());
-
-        server.get("/headers", (req, res) -> {
-            throw new RuntimeException(req.getQueryParam("test"));
+        server.get("/plaintext", (req, res) -> {
+            res.type(ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);
+            return "Hello, World!";
         });
 
+        // ── File serving ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+        server.get("/files/{name}", (req, res) -> {
+            Path file = UPLOAD_DIR.resolve(req.param("name"));
+            if (!Files.exists(file))
+                return res.status(404).body("not found");
 
-        server.start().thenRun(() -> log.info("Server started on port: " + PORT));
+            return res.type(ContentType.BINARY)
+                      .stream(Files.newInputStream(file), Files.size(file))
+                      .header("Content-Disposition", "attachment; filename=\"" + file.getFileName() + "\"");
+        });
+
+        // ── Chunked / dynamic content ─────────────────────────────────────────
+
+        // Virtual thread produces rows into a pipe; socket thread drains in 8 KB chunks.
+        // No Content-Length needed — Transfer-Encoding: chunked.
+        server.get("/export/users.csv", (req, res) -> {
+            PipedOutputStream sink   = new PipedOutputStream();
+            PipedInputStream  source = new PipedInputStream(sink, 64 * 1024);
+
+            Thread.ofVirtual().start(() -> {
+                try (PrintWriter w = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(sink)))) {
+                    w.println("id,name,email");
+                    for (int i = 1; i <= 100_000; i++)
+                        w.printf("%d,User %d,user%d@example.com%n", i, i, i);
+                }
+            });
+
+            return res.type(ContentType.TEXT_CSV)
+                      .chunked(source)
+                      .header("Content-Disposition", "attachment; filename=\"users.csv\"");
+        });
+
+        // ── Multipart upload ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+        // Text fields are buffered eagerly; file is streamed zero-copy to disk.
+        server.post("/upload/avatar", (req, res) -> {
+            Multipart mp     = Multipart.of(req);
+            String    userId = mp.field("userId");
+            Part      avatar = mp.file("avatar");
+
+            if (userId == null || avatar == null)
+                return res.status(400).body("userId and avatar fields are required");
+
+            Path dest = UPLOAD_DIR.resolve(userId + "_" + avatar.filename());
+            Files.copy(avatar.stream(), dest, StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
+
+            return res.body("saved %s for user %s".formatted(avatar.filename(), userId));
+        });
+
+        // parts() forces a full scan and materialises all file bodies — accepted cost.
+        server.post("/upload/bulk", (req, res) -> {
+            List<Part> files = Multipart.of(req).parts("files");
+            if (files.isEmpty())
+                return res.status(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST).body("no files uploaded");
+
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            for (Part f : files) {
+                byte[] data = f.materialize();
+                Files.write(UPLOAD_DIR.resolve(f.filename()), data);
+                sb.append("%s  %d bytes  %s%n".formatted(f.filename(), data.length, f.contentType()));
+            }
+            return res.body(sb.toString());
+        });
+
+        // Echo: file bytes flow socket-in → pipe → chunked-out.
+        // The pipe decouples reading (request socket) from writing (response socket) so they
+        // proceed concurrently on separate virtual threads, preventing the TCP deadlock that
+        // would occur if both happened sequentially on the same thread for large files.
+        server.post("/upload/echo", (req, res) -> {
+            Part file = Multipart.of(req).file("file");
+            if (file == null)
+                return res.status(400).body("missing file field");
+
+            PipedOutputStream sink   = new PipedOutputStream();
+            PipedInputStream  source = new PipedInputStream(sink, 64 * 1024);
+
+            InputStream fileStream = file.stream();
+            Thread.ofVirtual().start(() -> {
+                try { fileStream.transferTo(sink); } catch (IOException ignored) {}
+                finally { try { sink.close(); } catch (IOException ignored) {} }
+            });
+
+            String ct = file.contentType();
+            return res.type(ct != null ? ct : "application/octet-stream")
+                      .chunked(source)
+                      .header("Content-Disposition", "attachment; filename=\"" + file.filename() + "\"");
+        });
+
+        // Mixed form: text fields parsed eagerly, image streamed back with Content-Length.
+        server.post("/upload/resize-preview", (req, res) -> {
+            Multipart mp    = Multipart.of(req);
+            String    width  = mp.field("width");
+            String    height = mp.field("height");
+            Part      image  = mp.file("image");
+
+            if (image == null)
+                return res.status(400).body("image field required");
+
+            // materialize() accepted here — preview endpoint, size bounded
+            byte[] data = image.materialize();
+            log.info("resize request {}x{} for {} ({} bytes)", width, height, image.filename(), data.length);
+
+            return res.type(ContentType.BINARY)
+                      .stream(new ByteArrayInputStream(data), data.length)
+                      .header("X-Original-Name",  image.filename())
+                      .header("X-Requested-Size", width + "x" + height);
+        });
+
+        server.start().thenRun(() -> log.info("Server started on :{}", PORT));
     }
 }
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/RequestParser.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/RequestParser.java
index 828a5f8..abbfe10 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/RequestParser.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/RequestParser.java
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package dev.relism;
 
-import dev.relism.models.HeaderMap;
 import dev.relism.http.HttpMethod;
+import dev.relism.models.HeaderMap;
 import dev.relism.models.Request;
 import dev.relism.models.RequestLine;
 import dev.relism.routing.routers.fastpathrouter.FastPathViews;
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 
 /**
- * One instance per connection — the buffer is allocated once and reused across keep-alive
+ * One instance per connection, the buffer is allocated once and reused across keep-alive
  * requests. Grows on demand (doubling, up to {@code maxHeaderBufferSize}). Zero String
  * allocations during parsing; paths, headers and protocol are exposed as {@link dev.relism.fpr.core.ByteView} slices.
  */
@@ -22,7 +22,10 @@ public class RequestParser {
     private static final int INITIAL_BUFFER_SIZE = 8192;
 
     private final int maxHeaderBufferSize;
+    private final HeaderMap headerMap = new HeaderMap();
     private byte[] buffer;
+    private int bufBase = 0;  // absolute start of valid data in buffer
+    private int bufLen  = 0;  // number of valid bytes from bufBase
 
     public RequestParser() { this(64 * 1024); }
     public RequestParser(int maxHeaderBufferSize) {
@@ -31,30 +34,42 @@ public class RequestParser {
     }
 
     public Request parse(InputStream in) throws IOException {
-        int totalRead = 0;
-        int headerEndIdx = -1;
-        while (true) {
-            if (totalRead == buffer.length) {
-                if (buffer.length >= maxHeaderBufferSize)
+        // Take ownership of any leftover bytes from the previous request, then reset so
+        // early-returns leave the fields in a clean state.
+        int base      = bufBase;
+        int totalRead = bufLen;
+        bufBase = 0;
+        bufLen  = 0;
+
+        int headerEndIdx = totalRead > 0 ? findEndOfHeader(buffer, base, base + totalRead) : -1;
+        while (headerEndIdx == -1) {
+            if (base + totalRead == buffer.length) {
+                if (base > 0) {
+                    // Compact: slide valid data to position 0 — rare path (~every N requests
+                    // where N = bufferSize / avgRequestSize rather than every request).
+                    System.arraycopy(buffer, base, buffer, 0, totalRead);
+                    base = 0;
+                } else if (buffer.length >= maxHeaderBufferSize) {
                     throw new IOException("Request headers exceed " + maxHeaderBufferSize + " bytes");
-                buffer = Arrays.copyOf(buffer, Math.min(buffer.length * 2, maxHeaderBufferSize));
+                } else {
+                    buffer = Arrays.copyOf(buffer, Math.min(buffer.length * 2, maxHeaderBufferSize));
+                }
             }
-            int n = in.read(buffer, totalRead, buffer.length - totalRead);
+            int n = in.read(buffer, base + totalRead, buffer.length - base - totalRead);
             if (n <= 0) break;
             int prevTotal = totalRead;
             totalRead += n;
-            headerEndIdx = findEndOfHeader(buffer, Math.max(0, prevTotal - 3), totalRead);
-            if (headerEndIdx != -1) break;
+            headerEndIdx = findEndOfHeader(buffer, base + Math.max(0, prevTotal - 3), base + totalRead);
         }
         if (totalRead <= 0) return null;
         if (headerEndIdx == -1) {
             throw new IOException("Request headers exceed " + maxHeaderBufferSize + " bytes");
         }
 
-        int methodEnd = find(buffer, 0, headerEndIdx, (byte) ' ');
+        int methodEnd = find(buffer, base, headerEndIdx, (byte) ' ');
         if (methodEnd == -1) throw new IOException("Invalid request line (method)");
 
-        HttpMethod method = HttpMethod.fromBytes(buffer, 0, methodEnd);
+        HttpMethod method = HttpMethod.fromBytes(buffer, base, methodEnd - base);
         if (method == null) throw new IOException("Unsupported HTTP method");
 
         int pathStart = methodEnd + 1;
@@ -74,9 +89,10 @@ public class RequestParser {
 
         FastPathViews.RequestByteView protocolView = new FastPathViews.RequestByteView(buffer, protocolStart, protocolEnd - protocolStart);
 
-        HeaderMap headerMap = new HeaderMap(buffer);
-        int current = find(buffer, protocolEnd, headerEndIdx, (byte) '\n') + 1;
-        int contentLength = 0;
+        int sectionStart = find(buffer, protocolEnd, headerEndIdx, (byte) '\n') + 1;
+        int current = sectionStart;
+        long contentLength = 0;
+        boolean isChunked  = false;
 
         while (current < headerEndIdx) {
             int lineEnd = find(buffer, current, headerEndIdx + 1, (byte) '\r');
@@ -87,20 +103,39 @@ public class RequestParser {
                 int valueStart = colon + 1;
                 while (valueStart < lineEnd && buffer[valueStart] == ' ') valueStart++;
 
-                headerMap.add(current, colon - current, valueStart, lineEnd - valueStart);
-
                 if (equalsIgnoreCase(buffer, current, colon, "content-length")) {
-                    contentLength = parseInt(buffer, valueStart, lineEnd);
+                    contentLength = parseLong(buffer, valueStart, lineEnd);
+                } else if (equalsIgnoreCase(buffer, current, colon, "transfer-encoding")) {
+                    isChunked = equalsIgnoreCase(buffer, valueStart, lineEnd, "chunked");
                 }
             }
             current = lineEnd + 2;
         }
 
+        headerMap.reset(buffer, sectionStart, headerEndIdx);
+
         int bodyStart = headerEndIdx + 4;
-        int preBufLen = totalRead - bodyStart;
-        return Request.forParsed(
-                new RequestLine(method, pathView, queryView, protocolView, headerMap),
-                in, contentLength, buffer, bodyStart, preBufLen);
+        int preBufLen = (base + totalRead) - bodyStart;
+
+        // Any bytes read beyond this request's body belong to the next request.
+        // Store their absolute position in the buffer — no copy needed; the next parse()
+        // call will read directly from bufBase without touching the data.
+        if (!isChunked && contentLength == 0 && preBufLen > 0) {
+            bufBase = bodyStart;
+            bufLen  = preBufLen;
+            preBufLen = 0;
+        } else if (!isChunked && contentLength > 0 && preBufLen > contentLength) {
+            bufBase = bodyStart + (int) contentLength;
+            bufLen  = preBufLen - (int) contentLength;
+            preBufLen = (int) contentLength;
+        }
+
+        RequestLine requestLine = new RequestLine(method, pathView, queryView, protocolView, headerMap);
+
+        if (isChunked) {
+            return Request.forParsed(requestLine, new ChunkedInputStream(in, buffer, bodyStart, preBufLen), -1L, null, 0, 0);
+        }
+        return Request.forParsed(requestLine, in, contentLength, buffer, bodyStart, preBufLen);
     }
 
     private static int findEndOfHeader(byte[] buf, int from, int len) {
@@ -130,8 +165,8 @@ public class RequestParser {
         return true;
     }
 
-    private static int parseInt(byte[] buf, int start, int end) {
-        int value = 0;
+    private static long parseLong(byte[] buf, int start, int end) {
+        long value = 0;
         for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
             byte c = buf[i];
             if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') value = value * 10 + (c - '0');
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/http/ContentType.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/http/ContentType.java
index 97cd6ef..a5a6451 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/http/ContentType.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/http/ContentType.java
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 
 /**
  * Pre-compiled byte representations of common HTTP {@code Content-Type} values.
- * {@link #getBytes()} returns the pre-computed array directly — never allocates.
+ * {@link #getBytes()} returns the pre-computed array directly, never allocates.
  */
 @Getter
 public enum ContentType {
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/http/HttpStatus.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/http/HttpStatus.java
index 98f9476..21e3140 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/http/HttpStatus.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/http/HttpStatus.java
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ public enum HttpStatus {
         }
     }
 
-    private final int code;
+    private final int    code;
     private final byte[] bytes;
 
     HttpStatus(int code, String reason) {
@@ -66,7 +66,14 @@ public enum HttpStatus {
         this.bytes = (code + " " + reason).getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
     }
 
-    /** * Returns pre-compiled status bytes for the given code.
+    /** Numeric status code (e.g. {@code 200}). */
+    public int code() { return code; }
+
+    /** Pre-encoded {@code "200 OK"} bytes — zero allocation on the write path. */
+    public byte[] bytes() { return bytes; }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns pre-compiled status bytes for the given code.
      * Access is O(1) and generates zero garbage.
      */
     public static byte[] bytesForCode(int code) {
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMap.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMap.java
index 24690bb..bbe95b4 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMap.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMap.java
@@ -1,65 +1,78 @@
 package dev.relism.models;
 
 import dev.relism.fpr.core.ByteView;
+import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
 
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 
 /**
- * Zero-allocation header storage backed by raw byte offsets into the shared request buffer.
- * Offsets are recorded at parse time; Strings are allocated only on {@link #getFirst} / {@link #getAll}.
+ * Lazy header access backed by a raw byte slice of the request buffer.
+ * No allocations at parse time; Strings are created only when {@link #first} / {@link #all} is called.
+ * One instance per connection; reused across keep-alive requests via {@link #reset}.
  */
+@NoArgsConstructor
 public class HeaderMap {
-    private static final int MAX_HEADERS = 32;
+    private byte[] buffer;
+    private int sectionStart;
+    private int sectionEnd;
 
-    private final byte[] buffer;
-    private final int[] keys   = new int[MAX_HEADERS * 2]; // interleaved [start, len] pairs
-    private final int[] values = new int[MAX_HEADERS * 2]; // interleaved [start, len] pairs
-    private int count = 0;
-
-    public HeaderMap(byte[] buffer) {
-        this.buffer = buffer;
+    /** Resets this map to the header section {@code buffer[sectionStart, sectionEnd)}. */
+    public void reset(byte[] buffer, int sectionStart, int sectionEnd) {
+        this.buffer       = buffer;
+        this.sectionStart = sectionStart;
+        this.sectionEnd   = sectionEnd;
     }
 
-    public void add(int keyStart, int keyLen, int valStart, int valLen) {
-        if (count >= MAX_HEADERS) throw new IllegalStateException("Too many headers: limit is " + MAX_HEADERS);
-        keys[count * 2]     = keyStart;
-        keys[count * 2 + 1] = keyLen;
-        values[count * 2]     = valStart;
-        values[count * 2 + 1] = valLen;
-        count++;
+    /** Returns the first value of header {@code name} (case-insensitive), or {@code null}. */
+    public String first(String name) {
+        long r = findFirst(name);
+        if (r < 0) return null;
+        int s = (int) (r >> 32), l = (int) (r & 0xFFFFFFFFL);
+        return new String(buffer, s, l, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
     }
 
-    public String getFirst(String name) {
-        int idx = indexOf(name);
-        if (idx < 0) return null;
-        return new String(buffer, values[idx * 2], values[idx * 2 + 1], StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
-    }
-
-    public List<String> getAll(String name) {
+    /** Returns all values of header {@code name} in declaration order, or an empty list. */
+    public List<String> all(String name) {
+        if (buffer == null) return List.of();
         List<String> result = null;
-        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-            if (keyMatches(i, name)) {
+        int i = sectionStart;
+        while (i < sectionEnd) {
+            int lineEnd = findCR(i);
+            int colon   = findColon(i, lineEnd);
+            if (colon != -1 && keyMatches(i, colon - i, name)) {
+                int vs = skipSpaces(colon + 1, lineEnd);
                 if (result == null) result = new ArrayList<>();
-                result.add(new String(buffer, values[i * 2], values[i * 2 + 1], StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+                result.add(new String(buffer, vs, lineEnd - vs, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
             }
+            i = lineEnd + 2;
         }
         return result != null ? result : List.of();
     }
 
-    public List<String> getAll() {
+    /** Returns all header values in declaration order. */
+    public List<String> all() {
+        if (buffer == null) return List.of();
         List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
-        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-            result.add(new String(buffer, values[i * 2], values[i * 2 + 1], StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+        int i = sectionStart;
+        while (i < sectionEnd) {
+            int lineEnd = findCR(i);
+            int colon   = findColon(i, lineEnd);
+            if (colon != -1) {
+                int vs = skipSpaces(colon + 1, lineEnd);
+                result.add(new String(buffer, vs, lineEnd - vs, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+            }
+            i = lineEnd + 2;
         }
         return result;
     }
 
-    public boolean headerValueEqualsIgnoreCase(String name, String value) {
-        int idx = indexOf(name);
-        if (idx < 0) return false;
-        int vs = values[idx * 2], vl = values[idx * 2 + 1];
+    /** Case-insensitive comparison of the first value of {@code name} against {@code value}. */
+    public boolean valueEqualsIgnoreCase(String name, String value) {
+        long r = findFirst(name);
+        if (r < 0) return false;
+        int vs = (int) (r >> 32), vl = (int) (r & 0xFFFFFFFFL);
         if (vl != value.length()) return false;
         for (int i = 0; i < vl; i++) {
             byte b = buffer[vs + i];
@@ -71,31 +84,54 @@ public class HeaderMap {
         return true;
     }
 
-    public ByteView getView(String name) {
-        int idx = indexOf(name);
-        if (idx < 0) return null;
-        final int start = values[idx * 2];
-        final int len   = values[idx * 2 + 1];
+    /** Returns a zero-copy {@link ByteView} over the first value of {@code name}, or {@code null}. */
+    public ByteView view(String name) {
+        long r = findFirst(name);
+        if (r < 0) return null;
+        final int s = (int) (r >> 32), l = (int) (r & 0xFFFFFFFFL);
         return new ByteView() {
-            public int length()       { return len; }
-            public byte byteAt(int i) { return buffer[start + i]; }
+            public int length()       { return l; }
+            public byte byteAt(int i) { return buffer[s + i]; }
         };
     }
 
-    private int indexOf(String name) {
-        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-            if (keyMatches(i, name)) return i;
+    /** Returns {@code (valStart << 32) | valLen}, or {@code -1} if not found. */
+    private long findFirst(String name) {
+        if (buffer == null) return -1L;
+        int i = sectionStart;
+        while (i < sectionEnd) {
+            int lineEnd = findCR(i);
+            int colon   = findColon(i, lineEnd);
+            if (colon != -1 && keyMatches(i, colon - i, name)) {
+                int vs = skipSpaces(colon + 1, lineEnd);
+                return ((long) vs << 32) | (lineEnd - vs);
+            }
+            i = lineEnd + 2;
         }
+        return -1L;
+    }
+
+    private int findCR(int from) {
+        for (int i = from; i < sectionEnd; i++) if (buffer[i] == '\r') return i;
+        return sectionEnd;
+    }
+
+    private int findColon(int from, int to) {
+        for (int i = from; i < to; i++) if (buffer[i] == ':') return i;
         return -1;
     }
 
-    private boolean keyMatches(int i, String name) {
-        int ks = keys[i * 2], kl = keys[i * 2 + 1];
-        if (kl != name.length()) return false;
-        for (int j = 0; j < kl; j++) {
-            byte b = buffer[ks + j];
+    private int skipSpaces(int from, int end) {
+        while (from < end && buffer[from] == ' ') from++;
+        return from;
+    }
+
+    private boolean keyMatches(int start, int len, String name) {
+        if (len != name.length()) return false;
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            byte b = buffer[start + i];
             if (b >= 'A' && b <= 'Z') b += 32;
-            char c = name.charAt(j);
+            char c = name.charAt(i);
             if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') c += 32;
             if (b != (byte) c) return false;
         }
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 31f1dc0..0000000
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/LazyBody.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-package dev.relism.models;
-
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.io.InputStream;
-import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
-
-/**
- * Deferred body reader. On the first {@link #get()} call, pre-buffered bytes from the header
- * read-ahead are used first, then the remainder is pulled from the socket stream. Result is cached.
- */
-final class LazyBody {
-    private static final byte[] EMPTY = new byte[0];
-
-    private final InputStream stream;
-    private final int         contentLength;
-    private final byte[]      preBuf;
-    private final int         preBufOff;
-    private final int         preBufLen;
-    private       byte[]      resolved;
-
-    LazyBody(InputStream stream, int contentLength, byte[] preBuf, int preBufOff, int preBufLen) {
-        this.stream        = stream;
-        this.contentLength = contentLength;
-        this.preBuf        = preBuf;
-        this.preBufOff     = preBufOff;
-        this.preBufLen     = preBufLen;
-    }
-
-    static LazyBody of(byte[] bytes) {
-        LazyBody lb = new LazyBody(null, bytes.length, null, 0, 0);
-        lb.resolved = bytes;
-        return lb;
-    }
-
-    static LazyBody empty() {
-        LazyBody lb = new LazyBody(null, 0, null, 0, 0);
-        lb.resolved = EMPTY;
-        return lb;
-    }
-
-    byte[] get() {
-        if (resolved != null) return resolved;
-        byte[] buf    = new byte[contentLength];
-        int    copied = Math.min(preBufLen, contentLength);
-        if (copied > 0) System.arraycopy(preBuf, preBufOff, buf, 0, copied);
-        if (copied < contentLength) {
-            try {
-                stream.readNBytes(buf, copied, contentLength - copied);
-            } catch (IOException e) {
-                throw new UncheckedIOException(e);
-            }
-        }
-        return resolved = buf;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/QueryParams.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/QueryParams.java
index 1b2e07f..05fece8 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/QueryParams.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/QueryParams.java
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import java.util.List;
 
 /**
  * Lazy query parameter access ({@code ?key=value&...}). Backed by a zero-copy {@link ByteView}
- * over the raw query string bytes — no parsing at construction, values decoded on demand.
+ * over the raw query string bytes, no parsing at construction, values decoded on demand.
  */
 public class QueryParams {
     public static final QueryParams EMPTY = new QueryParams(null);
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Request.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Request.java
index 97ca1fc..0facd30 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Request.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Request.java
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package dev.relism.models;
 
 import dev.relism.fpr.core.ByteView;
+import dev.relism.http.HttpMethod;
 import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
 import lombok.Getter;
 import lombok.Setter;
@@ -9,58 +10,139 @@ import lombok.Value;
 import lombok.experimental.NonFinal;
 
 import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.util.List;
 
+/**
+ * Immutable view of an incoming HTTP/1.1 request. Constructed by {@link dev.relism.RequestParser}
+ * and passed directly to route handlers — never modified after creation (path/query params are
+ * injected once by the router before the handler runs).
+ *
+ * <pre>{@code
+ * server.get("/users/{id}", (req, res) -> {
+ *     String id      = req.param("id");            // /users/42 → "42"
+ *     String page    = req.query("page");           // ?page=2   → "2"
+ *     String accept  = req.header("Accept");        // first Accept value
+ *     byte[] body    = req.body().bytes();          // materialise body
+ *     InputStream in = req.body().stream();         // zero-copy stream
+ * });
+ * }</pre>
+ */
 @Value
 @ToString
 public class Request {
-    RequestLine requestLine;
 
     @Getter(lombok.AccessLevel.NONE)
     @EqualsAndHashCode.Exclude
     @ToString.Exclude
-    LazyBody lazyBody;
+    RequestBody body;
 
-    @NonFinal @Setter @Getter PathParams  pathParams;
-    @NonFinal @Setter @Getter QueryParams queryParams;
+    /** Internal: the parsed request line (method, path, query, protocol, headers). */
+    RequestLine requestLine;
 
-    private Request(RequestLine requestLine, LazyBody lazyBody) {
+    @NonFinal @Setter PathParams  pathParams;
+    @NonFinal @Setter QueryParams queryParams;
+
+    private Request(RequestLine requestLine, RequestBody body) {
         this.requestLine = requestLine;
-        this.lazyBody    = lazyBody;
+        this.body        = body;
         this.pathParams  = null;
         this.queryParams = null;
     }
 
     public Request(RequestLine requestLine, byte[] body) {
-        this(requestLine, LazyBody.of(body));
+        this(requestLine, RequestBody.of(body));
     }
 
     public static Request forParsed(RequestLine requestLine, InputStream stream,
-                                    int contentLength, byte[] headerBuf,
+                                    long contentLength, byte[] headerBuf,
                                     int bodyStart, int preBufLen) {
-        LazyBody lazy = contentLength > 0
-                ? new LazyBody(stream, contentLength, headerBuf, bodyStart, preBufLen)
-                : LazyBody.empty();
-        return new Request(requestLine, lazy);
+        RequestBody rb = contentLength > 0  ? new RequestBody(stream, contentLength, headerBuf, bodyStart, preBufLen)
+                       : contentLength == 0 ? RequestBody.empty()
+                       : /* chunked */        new RequestBody(stream, -1L, null, 0, 0);
+        return new Request(requestLine, rb);
     }
 
-    public byte[] getBody() { return lazyBody.get(); }
+    // ── Request line ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-    public String       getHeader(String name)  { return requestLine.getHeaders().getFirst(name); }
-    public List<String> getHeaders(String name) { return requestLine.getHeaders().getAll(name); }
-    public List<String> getHeaders()            { return requestLine.getHeaders().getAll(); }
-    public boolean      headerEquals(String name, String value) { return requestLine.getHeaders().headerValueEqualsIgnoreCase(name, value); }
+    /** HTTP method ({@code GET}, {@code POST}, …). */
+    public HttpMethod method() { return requestLine.getMethod(); }
 
-    public String getPathParam(String name) {
-        return pathParams != null ? pathParams.get(name) : null;
+    /**
+     * Request path decoded as UTF-8. Includes a leading slash; never includes the query string.
+     * Example: a request for {@code /users/42?page=1} returns {@code "/users/42"}.
+     */
+    public String path() {
+        ByteView v = requestLine.getPath();
+        byte[] buf = new byte[v.length()];
+        for (int i = 0; i < v.length(); i++) buf[i] = v.byteAt(i);
+        return new String(buf, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
     }
 
-    public String getQueryParam(String name) {
-        return resolveQueryParams().get(name);
-    }
+    // ── Headers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-    public List<String> getQueryParams(String name) {
-        return resolveQueryParams().getAll(name);
+    /**
+     * Returns the first value of header {@code name}, or {@code null} if absent.
+     * Lookup is case-insensitive ({@code "content-type"} and {@code "Content-Type"} are equivalent).
+     */
+    public String header(String name) { return requestLine.getHeaders().first(name); }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all values of header {@code name} in declaration order.
+     * Useful for headers that appear multiple times (e.g. {@code Accept}, {@code Cookie}).
+     * Lookup is case-insensitive. Returns an empty list if the header is absent.
+     */
+    public List<String> headers(String name) { return requestLine.getHeaders().all(name); }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all header values in declaration order, one entry per header line.
+     * Useful for debugging; for targeted access prefer {@link #header(String)}.
+     */
+    public List<String> headers() { return requestLine.getHeaders().all(); }
+
+    // ── Path parameters ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the path parameter named {@code name}, or {@code null}.
+     * Parameters are declared in the route pattern (e.g. {@code /users/{id}}) and
+     * injected by the router before the handler runs. Returns {@code null} if this
+     * route has no such parameter or the route is not parametric.
+     */
+    public String param(String name) { return pathParams != null ? pathParams.get(name) : null; }
+
+    // ── Query parameters ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the first query parameter named {@code name}, or {@code null}.
+     * The query string is parsed lazily on the first call and cached for the request lifetime.
+     * For {@code ?a=1&a=2}, returns {@code "1"}.
+     */
+    public String query(String name) { return resolveQueryParams().get(name); }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all query parameters named {@code name} in declaration order.
+     * For {@code ?tag=a&tag=b}, returns {@code ["a", "b"]}.
+     * Returns an empty list if the parameter is absent.
+     */
+    public List<String> queries(String name) { return resolveQueryParams().getAll(name); }
+
+    // ── Body ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the request body accessor. Use {@link RequestBody#bytes()} to materialise
+     * the full body or {@link RequestBody#stream()} for zero-copy streaming access.
+     * The two modes are mutually exclusive per request.
+     */
+    public RequestBody body() { return body; }
+
+    /** Discards unread body bytes; called by the server after each request on keep-alive connections. */
+    public void drain() { body.drain(); }
+
+    // ── Internal ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /** Internal: case-insensitive header value comparison used by the server keep-alive logic. */
+    public boolean headerEquals(String name, String value) {
+        return requestLine.getHeaders().valueEqualsIgnoreCase(name, value);
     }
 
     private QueryParams resolveQueryParams() {
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/RequestHandler.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/RequestHandler.java
index f4f546e..310eaf0 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/RequestHandler.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/RequestHandler.java
@@ -13,5 +13,5 @@ public abstract class RequestHandler {
      * return a {@link Response} to replace the whole response, any other non-null value
      * to set it as the body, or {@code null} to leave the response as-is.
      */
-    public abstract Object handle(Request request, Response response);
+    public abstract Object handle(Request request, Response response) throws Exception;
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Response.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Response.java
index c121104..d74a320 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Response.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/Response.java
@@ -1,45 +1,142 @@
 package dev.relism.models;
 
 import dev.relism.http.ContentType;
+import dev.relism.http.HttpStatus;
 import lombok.Getter;
 import lombok.Setter;
 import lombok.ToString;
 
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
 
+/**
+ * HTTP response. All mutating methods return {@code this} for fluent chaining.
+ *
+ * <pre>{@code
+ * // fixed body
+ * return new Response(200, "ok", ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);
+ *
+ * // known-length stream → Content-Length header
+ * return new Response(200, ContentType.BINARY).stream(Files.newInputStream(p), Files.size(p));
+ *
+ * // unknown-length stream → Transfer-Encoding: chunked
+ * return new Response(200, ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN).chunked(source);
+ * }</pre>
+ */
 @Getter
 @ToString
 public class Response {
     @Setter private int    statusCode;
-    private byte[] body;
-    private         byte[] contentType;
+    private byte[]         statusBytes;    // pre-encoded "200 OK"; null when set via status(int)
+    private byte[]         body;
+    @ToString.Exclude
+    private InputStream    stream;
+    private long           streamLength;   // meaningful only when isStreaming() && !chunked
+    private boolean        chunked;
+    private byte[]         contentType;
+    @Getter(lombok.AccessLevel.NONE)
+    private List<byte[]>   headers;        // pre-encoded "Name: Value\r\n" entries
+
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Constructors
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    public Response(int statusCode, ContentType contentType) {
+        this.statusCode  = statusCode;
+        this.contentType = contentType.getBytes();
+    }
 
     public Response(int statusCode, byte[] body, ContentType contentType) {
-        this.statusCode  = statusCode;
-        this.body        = body;
-        this.contentType = contentType.getBytes();
+        this(statusCode, contentType);
+        this.body = body;
     }
 
     public Response(int statusCode, String text, ContentType contentType) {
-        this.statusCode  = statusCode;
-        this.body        = text.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
-        this.contentType = contentType.getBytes();
+        this(statusCode, text.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), contentType);
     }
 
-    public void setContentType(ContentType contentType) {
-        this.contentType = contentType.getBytes();
-    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Fluent mutators
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    public void setContentType(String contentType) {
-        this.contentType = contentType.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
-    }
+    /** Sets the status code. The phrase is looked up from {@link HttpStatus} on the write path. */
+    public Response status(int code)        { this.statusCode = code; this.statusBytes = null; return this; }
 
-    public Response setBody(Object body) {
-        if (body instanceof byte[] bytes) {
-            this.body = bytes;
-        } else if (body != null) {
-            this.body = body.toString().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
-        }
+    /** Sets the status from an {@link HttpStatus} constant. The pre-encoded bytes are used
+     *  directly on the write path — zero lookup, zero allocation. */
+    public Response status(HttpStatus status) { this.statusCode = status.code(); this.statusBytes = status.bytes(); return this; }
+    public Response type(ContentType ct)    { this.contentType = ct.getBytes(); return this; }
+    public Response type(String ct)         { this.contentType = ct.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8); return this; }
+
+    public Response body(byte[] bytes) {
+        this.body   = bytes;
+        this.stream = null;
         return this;
     }
+
+    public Response body(String text) {
+        return body(text.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+    }
+
+    /** Streaming response with known length; written with {@code Content-Length}. */
+    public Response stream(InputStream is, long length) {
+        this.stream       = is;
+        this.streamLength = length;
+        this.chunked      = false;
+        this.body         = null;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /** Streaming response with unknown length; written with {@code Transfer-Encoding: chunked}. */
+    public Response chunked(InputStream is) {
+        this.stream  = is;
+        this.chunked = true;
+        this.body    = null;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /** Adds a response header. Encoded once at call time; zero-alloc on the write path. */
+    public Response header(String name, String value) {
+        if (headers == null) headers = new ArrayList<>();
+        headers.add((name + ": " + value + "\r\n").getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // State queries
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    public boolean isStreaming()      { return stream != null; }
+
+    /**
+     * Pre-encoded status bytes (e.g. {@code "200 OK"}), or {@code null} if the status was set
+     * via {@link #status(int)} — in which case {@link HttpStatus#bytesForCode} is used as fallback.
+     */
+    public byte[] getStatusBytes()   { return statusBytes; }
+
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Internal setters used by HttpServer for handler return values
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /** Sets the body from an arbitrary handler return value. */
+    public Response setBody(Object body) {
+        if (body instanceof byte[] bytes) this.body = bytes;
+        else if (body != null)            this.body = body.toString().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public void setContentType(ContentType ct) { this.contentType = ct.getBytes(); }
+
+    /** Returns custom headers, or an empty list if none were added. */
+    public List<byte[]> getHeaders() { return headers != null ? headers : List.of(); }
+
+    /** Writes pre-encoded custom headers directly to {@code out}. Zero-alloc when no headers are set. */
+    public void writeHeaders(OutputStream out) throws IOException {
+        if (headers == null) return;
+        for (int i = 0, n = headers.size(); i < n; i++) out.write(headers.get(i));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/SimpleHandler.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/SimpleHandler.java
index 49e0103..409ff01 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/SimpleHandler.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/models/SimpleHandler.java
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ public class SimpleHandler extends RequestHandler {
     private final FunctionalHandler delegate;
 
     @Override
-    public Object handle(Request request, Response response) {
+    public Object handle(Request request, Response response) throws Exception {
         return delegate.handle(request, response);
     }
 
@@ -21,6 +21,6 @@ public class SimpleHandler extends RequestHandler {
      */
     @FunctionalInterface
     public interface FunctionalHandler {
-        Object handle(Request request, Response response);
+        Object handle(Request request, Response response) throws Exception;
     }
 }
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/AbstractRouter.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/AbstractRouter.java
index 5172272..cc632af 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/AbstractRouter.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/AbstractRouter.java
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ import lombok.Getter;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 
 /**
- * Base router. Each router has a namespace prefix (default {@code "/"}); routes added via
- * {@link #get}, {@link #post}, etc. are relative to it. Error handlers are scoped to this router.
+ * Base router. Each router has a namespace prefix (default {@code "/"});
+ * Error handlers are scoped to this router.
  * The namespace is set automatically by {@link GlobalRouter#mount}.
  */
 public abstract class AbstractRouter {
@@ -57,21 +57,20 @@ public abstract class AbstractRouter {
      * Registers a route relative to this router's namespace. Return a {@link Response} to replace
      * it entirely, any other non-null value to set it as the body, or {@code null} to leave it unchanged.
      */
-    public AbstractRouter get(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler handler) {
-        return addRoute(HttpMethod.GET, PathUtils.sanitize(path), new SimpleHandler(handler));
+    public AbstractRouter register(HttpMethod method, String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler handler) {
+        return addRoute(method, PathUtils.sanitize(path), new SimpleHandler(handler));
     }
 
-    public AbstractRouter post(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler handler) {
-        return addRoute(HttpMethod.POST, PathUtils.sanitize(path), new SimpleHandler(handler));
-    }
-
-    public AbstractRouter put(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler handler) {
-        return addRoute(HttpMethod.PUT, PathUtils.sanitize(path), new SimpleHandler(handler));
-    }
-
-    public AbstractRouter delete(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler handler) {
-        return addRoute(HttpMethod.DELETE, PathUtils.sanitize(path), new SimpleHandler(handler));
-    }
+    public AbstractRouter get(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h)     { return register(HttpMethod.GET,     path, h); }
+    public AbstractRouter post(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h)    { return register(HttpMethod.POST,    path, h); }
+    public AbstractRouter put(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h)     { return register(HttpMethod.PUT,     path, h); }
+    public AbstractRouter delete(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h)  { return register(HttpMethod.DELETE,  path, h); }
+    public AbstractRouter patch(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h)   { return register(HttpMethod.PATCH,   path, h); }
+    public AbstractRouter options(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h) { return register(HttpMethod.OPTIONS, path, h); }
+    public AbstractRouter head(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h)    { return register(HttpMethod.HEAD,    path, h); }
+    public AbstractRouter trace(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h)   { return register(HttpMethod.TRACE,   path, h); }
+    public AbstractRouter connect(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h) { return register(HttpMethod.CONNECT, path, h); }
+    public AbstractRouter purge(String path, SimpleHandler.FunctionalHandler h)   { return register(HttpMethod.PURGE,   path, h); }
 
     /** Registers a class-based handler; the class must be annotated with {@link Route @Route}. */
     public AbstractRouter register(RequestHandler handler) {
diff --git a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathViews.java b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathViews.java
index 6ba6a31..47b1c4e 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathViews.java
+++ b/flash/src/main/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathViews.java
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ public final class FastPathViews {
         }
     }
 
-    /** Mutable composite view: method bytes + path. Reused via ThreadLocal — call reset() before use. */
+    /** Mutable composite view: method bytes + path. Reused via ThreadLocal, call reset() before use. */
     public static final class MethodPathByteView implements ByteView {
         private byte[] method;
         private ByteView path;
diff --git a/flash/src/main/resources/assets/html/default_404.html b/flash/src/main/resources/assets/html/default_404.html
index ba88da6..443b44b 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/resources/assets/html/default_404.html
+++ b/flash/src/main/resources/assets/html/default_404.html
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 <head>
   <meta charset="utf-8">
   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
-  <title>404 — Flash</title>
+  <title>404</title>
   <style>
     *, *::before, *::after { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box }
 
diff --git a/flash/src/main/resources/assets/html/default_exception.html b/flash/src/main/resources/assets/html/default_exception.html
index 2671a2c..2319834 100644
--- a/flash/src/main/resources/assets/html/default_exception.html
+++ b/flash/src/main/resources/assets/html/default_exception.html
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 <head>
   <meta charset="utf-8">
   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
-  <title>500 — Flash</title>
+  <title>500</title>
   <style>
     *, *::before, *::after { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box }
 
diff --git a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConcurrencyTest.java b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConcurrencyTest.java
index c503215..b49b5d0 100644
--- a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConcurrencyTest.java
+++ b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerConcurrencyTest.java
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class HttpServerConcurrencyTest {
         server = new HttpServer(config);
         server.get("/ping", (req, res) -> "pong");
         server.post("/echo", (req, res) -> {
-            byte[] body = req.getBody();
+            byte[] body = req.body().bytes();
             return new Response(200, body, ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);
         });
 
diff --git a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerTest.java b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerTest.java
index 50548fa..ccbd298 100644
--- a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerTest.java
+++ b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/HttpServerTest.java
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
@@ -39,14 +40,29 @@ class HttpServerTest {
         server.get("/api/ping", (req, res) -> "pong");
         
         server.post("/api/echo", (req, res) -> {
-            byte[] body = req.getBody();
-            return new Response(201, body, ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN); // echo body & change status
+            byte[] body = req.body().bytes();
+            return res.status(201).body(body); // echo body & change status
         });
-        
+
         server.get("/api/crash", (req, res) -> {
             throw new RuntimeException("Simulated Crash");
         });
 
+        byte[] streamData = "streaming response body".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        server.get("/api/stream", (req, res) ->
+                res.stream(new ByteArrayInputStream(streamData), streamData.length));
+
+        server.get("/api/chunked-out", (req, res) ->
+                res.chunked(new ByteArrayInputStream(streamData)));
+
+        server.get("/api/custom-header", (req, res) ->
+                res.body("ok").header("X-Flash", "works"));
+
+        server.post("/api/chunked-in", (req, res) -> {
+            byte[] body = req.body().bytes();
+            return res.body(body);
+        });
+
         server.start().get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
     }
 
@@ -57,27 +73,35 @@ class HttpServerTest {
         }
     }
 
-    // --- raw socket helper ---
+    // --- helpers ---
+
+    private static final int SOCKET_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000;
 
     private String sendRawRequest(String rawHttp) throws Exception {
         try (Socket socket = new Socket("127.0.0.1", port);
              OutputStream out = socket.getOutputStream();
              InputStream in = socket.getInputStream()) {
-
+            socket.setSoTimeout(SOCKET_TIMEOUT_MS);
             out.write(rawHttp.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
             out.flush();
+            return readOneResponse(in);
+        }
+    }
 
-            // Read until \r\n\r\n to get the full header block
-            ByteArrayOutputStream headerBuf = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
-            int b, prev3 = -1, prev2 = -1, prev1 = -1;
-            while ((b = in.read()) != -1) {
-                headerBuf.write(b);
-                if (prev3 == '\r' && prev2 == '\n' && prev1 == '\r' && b == '\n') break;
-                prev3 = prev2; prev2 = prev1; prev1 = b;
-            }
-            String headers = headerBuf.toString(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+    private String readOneResponse(InputStream in) throws Exception {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream headerBuf = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int b, prev3 = -1, prev2 = -1, prev1 = -1;
+        while ((b = in.read()) != -1) {
+            headerBuf.write(b);
+            if (prev3 == '\r' && prev2 == '\n' && prev1 == '\r' && b == '\n') break;
+            prev3 = prev2; prev2 = prev1; prev1 = b;
+        }
+        String headers = headerBuf.toString(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
 
-            // Parse Content-Length
+        String body;
+        if (headers.toLowerCase().contains("transfer-encoding: chunked")) {
+            body = readChunkedBody(in);
+        } else {
             int contentLength = 0;
             for (String line : headers.split("\r\n")) {
                 if (line.toLowerCase().startsWith("content-length:")) {
@@ -85,11 +109,25 @@ class HttpServerTest {
                     break;
                 }
             }
-
-            // Read exactly Content-Length bytes for the body
-            byte[] body = in.readNBytes(contentLength);
-            return headers + new String(body, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+            body = new String(in.readNBytes(contentLength), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
         }
+        return headers + body;
+    }
+
+    private String readChunkedBody(InputStream in) throws Exception {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream result = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        while (true) {
+            StringBuilder sizeLine = new StringBuilder();
+            int b;
+            while ((b = in.read()) != -1 && b != '\n') {
+                if (b != '\r') sizeLine.append((char) b);
+            }
+            int size = Integer.parseInt(sizeLine.toString().trim(), 16);
+            if (size == 0) break;
+            result.write(in.readNBytes(size));
+            in.read(); in.read(); // \r\n after chunk data
+        }
+        return result.toString(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
     }
 
     // --- E2E Tests ---
@@ -154,10 +192,84 @@ class HttpServerTest {
         String req = "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n" +
                      "Host: localhost\r\n" +
                      "\r\n";
-                     
+
         String res = sendRawRequest(req);
-        
+
         assertTrue(res.startsWith("HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found"));
         assertTrue(res.contains("No route matched this request."));
     }
+
+    // --- streaming response ---
+
+    @Test
+    void testStreamingResponse_writesContentLengthAndBody() throws Exception {
+        String req = "GET /api/stream HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost\r\n\r\n";
+        String res = sendRawRequest(req);
+
+        assertTrue(res.startsWith("HTTP/1.1 200 OK"));
+        assertTrue(res.contains("Content-Length: 23")); // "streaming response body"
+        assertTrue(res.endsWith("streaming response body"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testChunkedResponse_writesTransferEncodingChunked() throws Exception {
+        String req = "GET /api/chunked-out HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost\r\n\r\n";
+        String res = sendRawRequest(req);
+
+        assertTrue(res.startsWith("HTTP/1.1 200 OK"));
+        assertTrue(res.contains("Transfer-Encoding: chunked"));
+        assertTrue(res.endsWith("streaming response body"));
+    }
+
+    // --- custom response headers ---
+
+    @Test
+    void testCustomHeader_appearsInResponse() throws Exception {
+        String req = "GET /api/custom-header HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost\r\n\r\n";
+        String res = sendRawRequest(req);
+
+        assertTrue(res.startsWith("HTTP/1.1 200 OK"));
+        assertTrue(res.contains("X-Flash: works\r\n"));
+    }
+
+    // --- chunked request body ---
+
+    @Test
+    void testChunkedRequestBody_decodedAndEchoed() throws Exception {
+        String req = "POST /api/chunked-in HTTP/1.1\r\n" +
+                     "Host: localhost\r\n" +
+                     "Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n" +
+                     "\r\n" +
+                     "5\r\nhello\r\n6\r\n world\r\n0\r\n\r\n";
+
+        String res = sendRawRequest(req);
+
+        assertTrue(res.startsWith("HTTP/1.1 200 OK"));
+        assertTrue(res.endsWith("hello world"));
+    }
+
+    // --- keep-alive ---
+
+    @Test
+    void testKeepAlive_twoRequestsOnSameConnection() throws Exception {
+        String req = "GET /api/ping HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost\r\n\r\n";
+
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket("127.0.0.1", port);
+             OutputStream out = socket.getOutputStream();
+             InputStream in = socket.getInputStream()) {
+
+            socket.setSoTimeout(SOCKET_TIMEOUT_MS);
+            out.write(req.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+            out.write(req.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+            out.flush();
+
+            String first  = readOneResponse(in);
+            String second = readOneResponse(in);
+
+            assertTrue(first.contains("pong"));
+            assertTrue(second.contains("pong"));
+            assertTrue(first.contains("Connection: keep-alive"));
+            assertTrue(second.contains("Connection: keep-alive"));
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/RequestParserTest.java b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/RequestParserTest.java
index a1bcf4b..86d5c29 100644
--- a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/RequestParserTest.java
+++ b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/RequestParserTest.java
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ class RequestParserTest {
     @Test
     void queryParam_resolvedFromPath() throws IOException {
         Request r = parse(req("GET /search?q=flash&page=2 HTTP/1.1", "Host: localhost"));
-        assertEquals("flash", r.getQueryParam("q"));
-        assertEquals("2",     r.getQueryParam("page"));
+        assertEquals("flash", r.query("q"));
+        assertEquals("2",     r.query("page"));
     }
 
     // --- headers ---
@@ -53,15 +53,15 @@ class RequestParserTest {
     @Test
     void headers_parsed() throws IOException {
         Request r = parse(req("GET / HTTP/1.1", "Host: example.com", "Accept: application/json"));
-        assertEquals("example.com",       r.getHeader("Host"));
-        assertEquals("application/json",  r.getHeader("Accept"));
+        assertEquals("example.com",       r.header("Host"));
+        assertEquals("application/json",  r.header("Accept"));
     }
 
     @Test
     void headers_caseInsensitive() throws IOException {
         Request r = parse(req("GET / HTTP/1.1", "Content-Type: text/plain"));
-        assertEquals("text/plain", r.getHeader("content-type"));
-        assertEquals("text/plain", r.getHeader("CONTENT-TYPE"));
+        assertEquals("text/plain", r.header("content-type"));
+        assertEquals("text/plain", r.header("CONTENT-TYPE"));
     }
 
     // --- body ---
@@ -72,13 +72,13 @@ class RequestParserTest {
         String raw  = "POST / HTTP/1.1\r\nContent-Length: " + body.length() + "\r\n\r\n" + body;
         Request r   = new RequestParser().parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(raw.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)));
         assertNotNull(r);
-        assertEquals(body, new String(r.getBody(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+        assertEquals(body, new String(r.body().bytes(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
     }
 
     @Test
     void body_emptyWhenNoContentLength() throws IOException {
         Request r = parse(req("GET / HTTP/1.1", "Host: localhost"));
-        assertEquals(0, r.getBody().length);
+        assertTrue(r.body().isEmpty());
     }
 
     // --- edge cases / robustness ---
@@ -102,19 +102,45 @@ class RequestParserTest {
 
     @Test
     void requestLine_noProtocol_throwsIOException() {
-        // No space after path — parser cannot find protocol boundary
+        // No space after path, parser cannot find protocol boundary
         assertThrows(IOException.class, () -> parse(req("GET /noproto")));
     }
 
     @Test
     void headers_exceedingMaxBufferSize_throwsIOException() {
-        // Feed more bytes than the configured cap with no \r\n\r\n — must throw
+        // Feed more bytes than the configured cap with no \r\n\r\n : must throw
         int cap = 16 * 1024;
         byte[] giant = new byte[cap + 1];
         Arrays.fill(giant, (byte) 'A');
         assertThrows(IOException.class, () -> new RequestParser(cap).parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(giant)));
     }
 
+    @Test
+    void chunkedTransferEncoding_bodyReadable() throws IOException {
+        String raw = "POST / HTTP/1.1\r\n" +
+                     "Host: localhost\r\n" +
+                     "Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n" +
+                     "\r\n" +
+                     "5\r\nhello\r\n6\r\n world\r\n0\r\n\r\n";
+        Request r = new RequestParser().parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(raw.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)));
+        assertNotNull(r);
+        assertEquals(-1L, r.body().contentLength()); // -1 = chunked
+        assertArrayEquals("hello world".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), r.body().bytes());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void contentLength_parsedAsLong() throws IOException {
+        // 5 GB — too large to materialize, but contentLength must be a long
+        String raw = "POST / HTTP/1.1\r\n" +
+                     "Host: localhost\r\n" +
+                     "Content-Length: 5000000000\r\n" +
+                     "\r\n";
+        Request r = new RequestParser().parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(raw.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)));
+        assertNotNull(r);
+        assertEquals(5_000_000_000L, r.body().contentLength());
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, r.body()::bytes);
+    }
+
     @Test
     void contentLength_largerThanBody_readsPartial() throws IOException {
         // Content-Length claims 50 but stream ends after 5 bytes
@@ -122,7 +148,7 @@ class RequestParserTest {
         String raw  = "POST / HTTP/1.1\r\nContent-Length: 50\r\n\r\n" + body;
         Request r   = new RequestParser().parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(raw.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)));
         assertNotNull(r);
-        assertEquals(50, r.getBody().length);
-        assertEquals(body, new String(r.getBody(), 0, body.length(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+        assertEquals(50, r.body().bytes().length);
+        assertEquals(body, new String(r.body().bytes(), 0, body.length(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
     }
 }
diff --git a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMapTest.java b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMapTest.java
index cfd0607..6157d21 100644
--- a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMapTest.java
+++ b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/HeaderMapTest.java
@@ -12,73 +12,63 @@ class HeaderMapTest {
 
     // --- helpers ---
 
-    private static HeaderMap parse(String raw, String... headers) {
+    private static HeaderMap parse(String... headers) {
         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
         for (String h : headers) sb.append(h).append("\r\n");
         byte[] buffer = sb.toString().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
-        HeaderMap map = new HeaderMap(buffer);
-        
-        int current = 0;
-        for (int i = 0; i < headers.length; i++) {
-            int colon = sb.indexOf(":", current);
-            int lineEnd = sb.indexOf("\r\n", current);
-            int valueStart = colon + 1;
-            while (valueStart < lineEnd && buffer[valueStart] == ' ') valueStart++;
-            
-            map.add(current, colon - current, valueStart, lineEnd - valueStart);
-            current = lineEnd + 2;
-        }
+        HeaderMap map = new HeaderMap();
+        map.reset(buffer, 0, buffer.length);
         return map;
     }
 
-    // --- getFirst ---
+    // --- first ---
 
     @Test
-    void getFirst_existingHeader() {
-        HeaderMap map = parse("", "Host: localhost", "Accept: text/plain");
-        assertEquals("localhost", map.getFirst("Host"));
-        assertEquals("text/plain", map.getFirst("Accept"));
+    void first_existingHeader() {
+        HeaderMap map = parse("Host: localhost", "Accept: text/plain");
+        assertEquals("localhost", map.first("Host"));
+        assertEquals("text/plain", map.first("Accept"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    void getFirst_caseInsensitive() {
-        HeaderMap map = parse("", "ConteNT-tYPe: application/json");
-        assertEquals("application/json", map.getFirst("content-type"));
-        assertEquals("application/json", map.getFirst("CONTENT-TYPE"));
+    void first_caseInsensitive() {
+        HeaderMap map = parse("ConteNT-tYPe: application/json");
+        assertEquals("application/json", map.first("content-type"));
+        assertEquals("application/json", map.first("CONTENT-TYPE"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    void getFirst_missingHeader_returnsNull() {
-        HeaderMap map = parse("", "Host: localhost");
-        assertNull(map.getFirst("Accept"));
+    void first_missingHeader_returnsNull() {
+        HeaderMap map = parse("Host: localhost");
+        assertNull(map.first("Accept"));
     }
 
-    // --- getAll ---
+    // --- all ---
 
     @Test
-    void getAll_multipleValuesByName() {
-        HeaderMap map = parse("", "Cookie: a=1", "Set-Cookie: token=123", "Cookie: b=2");
-        assertEquals(List.of("a=1", "b=2"), map.getAll("Cookie"));
+    void all_multipleValuesByName() {
+        HeaderMap map = parse("Cookie: a=1", "Set-Cookie: token=123", "Cookie: b=2");
+        assertEquals(List.of("a=1", "b=2"), map.all("Cookie"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    void getAll_missingHeader_returnsEmptyList() {
-        HeaderMap map = parse("", "Host: localhost");
-        assertTrue(map.getAll("Cookie").isEmpty());
+    void all_missingHeader_returnsEmptyList() {
+        HeaderMap map = parse("Host: localhost");
+        assertTrue(map.all("Cookie").isEmpty());
     }
 
     @Test
-    void getAll_returnsAllHeaders() {
-        HeaderMap map = parse("", "A: 1", "B: 2");
-        assertEquals(List.of("1", "2"), map.getAll());
+    void all_returnsAllHeaders() {
+        HeaderMap map = parse("A: 1", "B: 2");
+        assertEquals(List.of("1", "2"), map.all());
     }
 
-    // --- getView ---
+    // --- view ---
 
     @Test
-    void getView_returnsZeroCopyView() {
-        HeaderMap map = parse("", "Host: localhost");
-        ByteView view = map.getView("Host");
+    void view_returnsZeroCopyView() {
+        HeaderMap map = parse("Host: localhost");
+        ByteView view = map.view("Host");
         assertNotNull(view);
         assertEquals(9, view.length());
         assertEquals('l', view.byteAt(0));
@@ -86,20 +76,18 @@ class HeaderMapTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    void getView_missingHeader_returnsNull() {
-        HeaderMap map = parse("", "Host: localhost");
-        assertNull(map.getView("Accept"));
+    void view_missingHeader_returnsNull() {
+        HeaderMap map = parse("Host: localhost");
+        assertNull(map.view("Accept"));
     }
-    
-    // --- limit ---
-    
+
+    // --- empty ---
+
     @Test
-    void maxHeadersLimit() {
-        byte[] buffer = new byte[100];
-        HeaderMap map = new HeaderMap(buffer);
-        for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
-            map.add(0, 1, 1, 1);
-        }
-        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> map.add(0, 1, 1, 1));
+    void emptyMap_returnsNullAndEmptyList() {
+        HeaderMap map = new HeaderMap();
+        assertNull(map.first("Host"));
+        assertTrue(map.all("Host").isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(map.all().isEmpty());
     }
 }
diff --git a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/RequestLineTest.java b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/RequestLineTest.java
index 642f471..9599b1b 100644
--- a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/RequestLineTest.java
+++ b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/RequestLineTest.java
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class RequestLineTest {
         ByteView path = viewOf("/api");
         ByteView query = viewOf("q=1");
         ByteView proto = viewOf("HTTP/1.1");
-        HeaderMap headers = new HeaderMap(new byte[0]);
+        HeaderMap headers = new HeaderMap();
         
         RequestLine rl = new RequestLine(HttpMethod.GET, path, query, proto, headers);
         
diff --git a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/RequestTest.java b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/RequestTest.java
index 993a72a..b961021 100644
--- a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/RequestTest.java
+++ b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/RequestTest.java
@@ -25,64 +25,65 @@ class RequestTest {
     // --- creation ---
 
     @Test
-    void request_creationAndGetters() {
-        HeaderMap headers = new HeaderMap(new byte[0]);
+    void request_creationAndAccessors() {
+        HeaderMap headers = new HeaderMap();
         RequestLine line = new RequestLine(HttpMethod.GET, viewOf("/path"), viewOf("q=1"), viewOf("HTTP/1.1"), headers);
         byte[] body = "body".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
-        
+
         Request r = new Request(line, body);
-        
-        assertEquals(line, r.getRequestLine());
-        assertArrayEquals(body, r.getBody());
+
+        assertEquals(HttpMethod.GET, r.method());
+        assertEquals("/path", r.path());
+        assertArrayEquals(body, r.body().bytes());
         assertNotNull(r.toString());
     }
 
-    // --- delegates ---
+    // --- headers ---
 
     @Test
-    void headers_delegatesToRequestLine() {
+    void header_delegatesToRequestLine() {
         byte[] buffer = "Host: localhost\r\n".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
-        HeaderMap headers = new HeaderMap(buffer);
-        headers.add(0, 4, 6, 9);
+        HeaderMap headers = new HeaderMap();
+        headers.reset(buffer, 0, buffer.length);
         RequestLine line = new RequestLine(HttpMethod.GET, viewOf("/"), null, viewOf("HTTP/1.1"), headers);
         Request r = new Request(line, new byte[0]);
-        
-        assertEquals("localhost", r.getHeader("Host"));
-        assertEquals(List.of("localhost"), r.getHeaders("Host"));
-        assertEquals(List.of("localhost"), r.getHeaders());
+
+        assertEquals("localhost", r.header("Host"));
+        assertEquals(List.of("localhost"), r.headers("Host"));
+        assertEquals(List.of("localhost"), r.headers());
     }
 
-    // --- pathParams ---
+    // --- path params ---
 
     @Test
-    void pathParam_lazyGet() {
-        RequestLine line = new RequestLine(HttpMethod.GET, viewOf("/"), null, viewOf("HTTP/1.1"), new HeaderMap(new byte[0]));
+    void param_lazyGet() {
+        RequestLine line = new RequestLine(HttpMethod.GET, viewOf("/"), null, viewOf("HTTP/1.1"), new HeaderMap());
         Request r = new Request(line, new byte[0]);
-        
-        assertNull(r.getPathParam("id"));
-        
+
+        assertNull(r.param("id"));
+
         r.setPathParams(new PathParams(viewOf("/123"), new String[]{"id"}, new int[]{1}, new int[]{3}));
-        assertEquals("123", r.getPathParam("id"));
+        assertEquals("123", r.param("id"));
     }
 
-    // --- queryParams ---
+    // --- query params ---
 
     @Test
-    void queryParam_lazyGet_fromQueryString() {
-        RequestLine line = new RequestLine(HttpMethod.GET, viewOf("/"), viewOf("a=1&b=2&b=3"), viewOf("HTTP/1.1"), new HeaderMap(new byte[0]));
+    void query_lazyGet_fromQueryString() {
+        RequestLine line = new RequestLine(HttpMethod.GET, viewOf("/"), viewOf("a=1&b=2&b=3"), viewOf("HTTP/1.1"), new HeaderMap());
         Request r = new Request(line, new byte[0]);
-        
-        assertEquals("1", r.getQueryParam("a"));
-        assertEquals("2", r.getQueryParam("b")); // First value
-        assertEquals(List.of("2", "3"), r.getQueryParams("b"));
+
+        assertEquals("1", r.query("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", r.query("b"));
+        assertEquals(List.of("2", "3"), r.queries("b"));
     }
-    
+
     @Test
-    void queryParam_lazyGet_nullQueryString() {
-        RequestLine line = new RequestLine(HttpMethod.GET, viewOf("/"), null, viewOf("HTTP/1.1"), new HeaderMap(new byte[0]));
+    void query_lazyGet_nullQueryString() {
+        RequestLine line = new RequestLine(HttpMethod.GET, viewOf("/"), null, viewOf("HTTP/1.1"), new HeaderMap());
         Request r = new Request(line, new byte[0]);
-        
-        assertNull(r.getQueryParam("a"));
-        assertTrue(r.getQueryParams("a").isEmpty());
+
+        assertNull(r.query("a"));
+        assertTrue(r.queries("a").isEmpty());
     }
 }
diff --git a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/ResponseTest.java b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/ResponseTest.java
index 88ae9de..e12515f 100644
--- a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/ResponseTest.java
+++ b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/models/ResponseTest.java
@@ -3,19 +3,21 @@ package dev.relism.models;
 import dev.relism.http.ContentType;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
 
 class ResponseTest {
 
-    // --- creation ---
+    // --- construction ---
 
     @Test
     void constructor_withByteArray() {
         byte[] body = "bytes".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
         Response r = new Response(200, body, ContentType.BINARY);
-        
+
         assertEquals(200, r.getStatusCode());
         assertArrayEquals(body, r.getBody());
         assertArrayEquals("application/octet-stream".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), r.getContentType());
@@ -25,47 +27,98 @@ class ResponseTest {
     @Test
     void constructor_withStringText() {
         Response r = new Response(404, "Not Found Text", ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);
-        
+
         assertEquals(404, r.getStatusCode());
         assertArrayEquals("Not Found Text".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), r.getBody());
         assertArrayEquals(ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN.getBytes(), r.getContentType());
     }
 
-    // --- setters ---
+    // --- fluent mutators ---
 
     @Test
-    void setContentType_byEnum() {
+    void type_byEnum() {
         Response r = new Response(200, new byte[0], ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);
-        r.setContentType(ContentType.JSON);
+        r.type(ContentType.JSON);
         assertArrayEquals(ContentType.JSON.getBytes(), r.getContentType());
     }
 
     @Test
-    void setContentType_byString() {
+    void type_byString() {
         Response r = new Response(200, new byte[0], ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);
-        r.setContentType("application/custom");
+        r.type("application/custom");
         assertArrayEquals("application/custom".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), r.getContentType());
     }
 
     @Test
-    void setBody_withByteArray() {
+    void body_withByteArray() {
         Response r = new Response(200, new byte[0], ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);
         byte[] newBody = "new".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
-        r.setBody(newBody);
+        r.body(newBody);
         assertArrayEquals(newBody, r.getBody());
     }
 
     @Test
     void setBody_withObjectConvertedToString() {
         Response r = new Response(200, new byte[0], ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);
-        r.setBody(12345); // auto boxes to Integer, toString called
+        r.setBody(12345);
         assertArrayEquals("12345".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), r.getBody());
     }
-    
+
     @Test
     void setStatusCode() {
         Response r = new Response(200, new byte[0], ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);
         r.setStatusCode(201);
         assertEquals(201, r.getStatusCode());
     }
+
+    // --- streaming ---
+
+    @Test
+    void stream_knownLength() {
+        InputStream src = new ByteArrayInputStream("body".getBytes());
+        Response r = new Response(200, ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN).stream(src, 4L);
+
+        assertTrue(r.isStreaming());
+        assertFalse(r.isChunked());
+        assertEquals(4L, r.getStreamLength());
+        assertSame(src, r.getStream());
+        assertNull(r.getBody());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void chunked_setsChunkedFlag() {
+        InputStream src = new ByteArrayInputStream("x".getBytes());
+        Response r = new Response(200, ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN).chunked(src);
+
+        assertTrue(r.isStreaming());
+        assertTrue(r.isChunked());
+        assertSame(src, r.getStream());
+        assertNull(r.getBody());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void isStreaming_falseForFixedBody() {
+        assertFalse(new Response(200, new byte[0], ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN).isStreaming());
+    }
+
+    // --- header ---
+
+    @Test
+    void header_encodedCorrectly() {
+        Response r = new Response(200, new byte[0], ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);
+        r.header("X-Foo", "bar");
+        assertArrayEquals("X-Foo: bar\r\n".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), r.getHeaders().get(0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void header_chaining_returnsSelf() {
+        Response r = new Response(200, new byte[0], ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);
+        assertSame(r, r.header("A", "1").header("B", "2"));
+        assertEquals(2, r.getHeaders().size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void getHeaders_emptyWhenNoneAdded() {
+        assertTrue(new Response(200, new byte[0], ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN).getHeaders().isEmpty());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouterTest.java b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouterTest.java
index 61c3501..3309270 100644
--- a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouterTest.java
+++ b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/GlobalRouterTest.java
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class GlobalRouterTest {
         RequestLine line = new RequestLine(
                 HttpMethod.GET, pathView, null,
                 new FastPathViews.RequestByteView("HTTP/1.1".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), 0, 8),
-                new HeaderMap(new byte[0])
+                new HeaderMap()
         );
         return new Request(line, new byte[0]);
     }
diff --git a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImplTest.java b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImplTest.java
index bd6ee24..5f0e226 100644
--- a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImplTest.java
+++ b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/routing/routers/fastpathrouter/FastPathRouterImplTest.java
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class FastPathRouterImplTest {
         RequestLine line = new RequestLine(
                 method, pathView, null,
                 new FastPathViews.RequestByteView("HTTP/1.1".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), 0, 8),
-                new HeaderMap(new byte[0])
+                new HeaderMap()
         );
         return new Request(line, new byte[0]);
     }
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class FastPathRouterImplTest {
     // --- route ---
 
     @Test
-    void route_lazyCompilationAndMatch() {
+    void route_lazyCompilationAndMatch() throws Exception {
         FastPathRouterImpl router = new FastPathRouterImpl();
         
         router.get("/a", (req, res) -> "A");
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class FastPathRouterImplTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    void route_extractsPathParams() {
+    void route_extractsPathParams() throws Exception {
         FastPathRouterImpl router = new FastPathRouterImpl();
         
         router.get("/users/{id}/items/{itemId}", (req, res) -> "Extract");
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class FastPathRouterImplTest {
 
         // Verify path params were injected
         assertNotNull(request.getPathParams());
-        assertEquals("123", request.getPathParam("id"));
-        assertEquals("456", request.getPathParam("itemId"));
+        assertEquals("123", request.param("id"));
+        assertEquals("456", request.param("itemId"));
     }
 }
diff --git a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/template/ErrorPagesTest.java b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/template/ErrorPagesTest.java
index 6d12a1b..bcb2a09 100644
--- a/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/template/ErrorPagesTest.java
+++ b/flash/src/test/java/dev/relism/template/ErrorPagesTest.java
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class ErrorPagesTest {
         byte[] protoBytes = protocol.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
         FastPathViews.RequestByteView protoView = new FastPathViews.RequestByteView(protoBytes, 0, protoBytes.length);
 
-        RequestLine line = new RequestLine(HttpMethod.GET, pathView, null, protoView, new HeaderMap(new byte[0]));
+        RequestLine line = new RequestLine(HttpMethod.GET, pathView, null, protoView, new HeaderMap());
         return new Request(line, new byte[0]);
     }